Henry James’ Portrait of a Lady Essay -- Portrait Lady

Henry mob Portrait of a LadyOn her long journey from Rome her hear had been given up to vagueness she was unable to question the future. She performed this journey with sightless eyes and took little pleasure in the countries she traversed, decked out though they were in the richest freshness of spring. Her thoughts followed their run away through other countriesstrange-looking, dimly-lighted, pathless lands, in which there was no change of seasons, merely plainly as it seemed, a perpetual dreariness of winter. She had plenty to phone about but it was neither reflexion nor conscious purpose that filled her mind. Disconnected visions passed through it, and sudden dull gleams of memory, of expectation. The past and the future came and went at their will, but she saw them only in fitful images, which rose and fell by a logic of their own.(606) This passage, from the last chapters of The Portrait of a Lady, strikes me as one of the well-nigh brutally sad moments in the entire nove l. Here Isabel, who has defied Osmonds wishes that she defer to the sanctity of their marriage has, with a solemn and ghostly nod to the liberty and emancipation that has characterized her throughout, come to be beside her cousin Ralph as he dies. What makes the passage so effectively tragic is that in its tone, language and imagery, it picks up on notes that have been sounded over again and again from the beginning of the novel at the same time, however, we cannot fail to register the differences in the workings of our heroines mind as she tries to make sense of what has pop off of her. Much of the poignancy of the above-quoted lines comes from the way in which they contrast with James earlier descriptions of Isabels mentality. It is surely part of... ...he would come back in her weakness...(607)James only too vividly draws the contrast between Isabels initial freedom and her eventual imprisonment within the secretly and malevolently-built structure of her marriage. It is with one word that James sums up the central tragedy of Isabels story when, fitted with this new, terrible consciousness, she concludes The only thing to regret was that Madame Merle had been sowell, so unimaginable.(607) Once again, James strikes a note that has sounded again and again over the course of our reading. Indeed, imagination is in many ways the novels primary subject, as it is our heroines intermit by the end of this almost unspeakably cruel and sad story, we can only hope that it will be her redemption and transcendence as well. whole kit and boodle CitedJames, Henry. A Portrait of a Lady. 1908. New York Houghton Mifflin, 1963.

A Mesophilic Origin of Life Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

A Mesophilic Origin of Life N early(a) all scientists agree that life on ground began billions of years ago. Most will also agree that RNA appe atomic number 18d first and found a way to replicate itself, an essential step in the early stages of life. Without this ability of RNA, only short pieces of DNA could be copied and no enzymes could be created to copy longer strands which would be necessary for the formation of enzymes1. Beyond that, there is precise little agreement about the origin of life, including what the original ancestor of all life was like. This has led to a significant amount of debating with very few reacts. Scientists are still debating how life originated was it a series of successive steps or a spontaneous gathering of the necessary materials? The problem with the second theory is that the odds of this happening are about the same as a tornado assembling a 747 aircraft in a junkyard.2As of now, we still have to conjecture whether the ancestor of all life, or LUCA, was a single being or a community of organisms sharing genes. Another question entails whether the last universal harsh ancestor (LUCA) dwelled in a hot-water environment or a cooler place, possibly near the surface of the ocean. The experts are split almost evenly on this question and both sides present convincing evidence for their side of the argument, but we will focus primarily on the side that believes that LUCA was not thermophilic, and, in fact, lived in a cooler surrounding. This cooler surrounding would have likely been near the surface of the ocean rather than in the vicinity of a thermal air near the oceans floor.The other side argues that Earth was warmer 3.5 billion years ago, when life is believed to have been spawned. This, c... ...more evidence, especially in RNA sequences, until an answer can be established. 1 Smith, Szathmary 19992 DeDuve, 19913 Whitfield, 20044 Levy, Miller, 19985 Vogel, 19996 Brochier, Phillippe, 2002Works CitedBrochier, C. , and H. Philippe. 2002. A non-hyperthermophilic ancestor for Bacteria. Nature 417244.DeDuve, Christian. 1991. Blueprint for a Cell The Nature and Origin of Life 100-105.Levy, M., and S.L. Miller. 1999. The prebiotic synthesis of modified purines and their potential drop role the RNA world. Journal of Molecular Evolution 48631-637.Smith, John Maynard., and Szathmary, Eros. 1999. The Origins of Life From Birth to the Origins of Language 1-14.Vogel, G. 1999. RNA study suggests cool cradle of life. comprehension 283 155-156.Whitfield, J. 2004. Born in a watery commune. Nature 427674-676.

The Transcending Characteristics of a Mythical Hero Essay example -- e

The Transcending Characteristics of a Mythical Hero Although separated by the wide gulf of time and culture, myths involving supernatural characters and gods exist in almost every family throughout the world. While this commonality may not be spectacular by itself, a detailed comparative study of the myths reveals a more dramatic similarity. Even in cultures as different and antagonistic as those of the Ancient Greeks and the Sumerians, predecessors of the Persians, there exists a startling parallelism in imagery and themes of the myths of the respective peoples. The epics of Heracles and Gilgamesh are an exceptionally good example of these similarities. One cannot know with a certainty whether the original creator of the epic of Gilgamesh, whose name is lost in time, or Shin-eqi-unninni, the scribe with whose version we are familiar today, knew anything of the legend of Heracles. However, while placed in completely different settings, written for completely different audiences, and filled with unique and culturally flavored adventures, the myths of Gilgamesh and Heracles display startlingly similar character traits and common themes. A detailed comparison of these masterpiece epics reveals an undeniable universality of myth and of human mind in general. Heracles, and later the Latin Hercules, is the quintessential and one of the most renowned and worshiped Ancient Greek heroes, whose life and exploits, capturing the essence of the Greek culture, are the stuff of myth and legend. intelligence of Zeus and mortal Alcmene, Hercules derived his great strengths and his greatest weakness from his mixed parentage. He was born Alcides, and gained early renown as the mighty warrior and archer, vanquisher of king Erginuss army, stalwart defender of Thebes, and wielder of Athenas weapons. Yet, as the illegitimate child of Zeus, he attracted the jealous rage of Hera, who sent insanity upon him. In a dim rage Heracles murdered his wife and children. Upon recovering f rom the divine curse, he set out to clear his name, which ironically means Glory of Hera, by asking the advice of the Apollos oracle in Delphi. He received a prophesy, a concept that was universally accepted, commanding him to perform ten heroic deeds. As an additional reward, he would be granted immortality upon the... ...as a ruler legendary for his power and martial prowess, something that Ashurbanipal emulated very well. And both were valiant, steadfast, intelligent, and motivated.After a close look at these dickens myths the reader can clearly overhear that underneath the layer of cultural flourish lies a granite bed of common human traits, shared even by such sworn enemies as Greeks and Persians. It is sad that although people have basically similar values and ideals, the layer of cultural debris prevents them from finding common farming in everyday life. Cultures around the world prize perseverance, resourcefulness, courage, and wits, of that there can be no doubt. And th us, as modern people endowed with intelligence to see beyond the biases and preconceptions, we must instead focus on the common, basic ideas that unite us all. BibliographyHooker, Richard. Gilgamesh. http//www.wsu.edu/dee/MESO/GILG.HTM (9 September 2004)Perseus Project. Hercules Greeces Greatest Hero. http//www.perseus.tufts.edu/Herakles/index.html (9 September 2004)Ailia Athena. The Labors of Heracles. http//www.geocities.com/ailiathena/Myths/Heracles.html June 27, 2004 (9 September 2004)

The Theme of Loneliness in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frank

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein examines two phenomena of human nature, scientific curiosity and loneliness the latter will service as the focus of this essay. The actually manner in which Frankenstein begins, that of the correspondence of an unattached explorer who longs for a companion on his voyage, with no one to write to solely his sister, establishes the theme of loneliness immediately. Frankensteins mental home is a complex character whose true motives can non be determined easily. Although one cannot excuse his actions, they should certainly not be viewed away of context. The zoology is exposed to the unnameable reality of loneliness from the moment of his creation. I had worked hard for nearly two years, sea captain states, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body... merely now that I had finished, the true making love of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. Unable to endure the aspect of the being I had created, I h asten out of the room... The moment Victor realizes what he has done, he is terrified, and flees. This cycle continues, each time isolating the creature further and further. He yearns constantly for some configuration of human contact, but does not receive it because of the way in which Victor created his body. Victor meant for it to be a thing of beauty, but realized first that the gathering of pieces from various cadavers resulted in an appearing that frightens at first sight. A barrier always exists before the creature, much like the wall that separated him from the cottage of the DeLaceys. The creature is touched by the love of the DeLacey family and feels that he is a part of their family. He wants desperately to be accepted by them, but is aware of how they will act if they se... ...excuse the creatures actions. But we can be more understanding of his situation and try to have some compassion. After all, as the creature said to Walton, You hate me, but your abhorrence can not equal that with which I regard myself. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold. Mary Shellys Frankenstein. New York Chelsea, 1987. Botting, Fred. Making monstrous. Frankenstein, criticism, theory. Manchester University Press, 1991. Boyd, Stephen. York Notes on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Longman York Press, 1992. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988. Patterson, Arthur Paul. A Frankenstein Study. http//www.watershed.winnipeg.mb.ca/Frankenstein.html Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the new-made Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992 The Theme of Loneliness in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frank Mary Shelleys Frankenstein examines two phenomena of human nature, scientific curiosity and loneliness the latter will serve as the focus of this essay. The very manner in which Frankenstein begins, that of the correspondence of an unattached explorer who l ongs for a companion on his voyage, with no one to write to but his sister, establishes the theme of loneliness immediately. Frankensteins creation is a complex character whose true motives cannot be determined easily. Although one cannot excuse his actions, they should certainly not be viewed out of context. The creature is exposed to the painful reality of loneliness from the moment of his creation. I had worked hard for nearly two years, Victor states, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body...but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. Unable to endure the aspect of the being I had created, I rushed out of the room... The moment Victor realizes what he has done, he is terrified, and flees. This cycle continues, each time isolating the creature further and further. He yearns constantly for some kind of human contact, but does not receive it because of the way in which Victor created his bod y. Victor meant for it to be a thing of beauty, but realized first that the gathering of pieces from various cadavers resulted in an appearance that frightens at first sight. A barrier always exists before the creature, much like the wall that separated him from the cottage of the DeLaceys. The creature is touched by the love of the DeLacey family and feels that he is a part of their family. He wants desperately to be accepted by them, but is aware of how they will react if they se... ...excuse the creatures actions. But we can be more understanding of his situation and try to have some compassion. After all, as the creature said to Walton, You hate me, but your abhorrence cannot equal that with which I regard myself. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold. Mary Shellys Frankenstein. New York Chelsea, 1987. Botting, Fred. Making monstrous. Frankenstein, criticism, theory. Manchester University Press, 1991. Boyd, Stephen. York Notes on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Longman York Pre ss, 1992. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988. Patterson, Arthur Paul. A Frankenstein Study. http//www.watershed.winnipeg.mb.ca/Frankenstein.html Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992

Salem :: essays research papers

The Salem witchery TrialsA Time of Fear and ConfusionImagine, just for a minute, living in a time and place where you are not free to practice your own religious or spiritual beliefs and you are labored to live in fear because of persecution by the church and every one(a) around you. Persecution back in 1692 in Salem Massachusetts was a very real, very estimable thing. Those persecuted were hanged, burned, and even pressed against rocks if found guilty of witchcraft. The Salem Witchcraft Trials stands as one of the darkest times in American history of religious tolerance. The Salem Witchcraft Trails were caused and continued by various events and people. Diseases, natural catastrophes, misfortune, and deaths seemed to be around every corner for the people that lived in Salem. Instead of writing these events off as inquisitive luck people in Salem blamed these horrible things on the Devil. The people of the town believed that the Devil recruits witched and wizards to do his work for him. As soon as something bad happened, the God-fearing people of Salem were quick to blame it on a witch or wizard. Anything a little expose of the ordinary deal children claiming to see things that someone else could not was blamed on a witch. The people seemed to be always out to find a witch in hopes of filet their misfortunes. They believed that once the witch was executed all the bad luck they were experiencing would disappear. Since their bad luck never disappeared their witch hunt would not soon be satisfied. The hearty tragic trials were apparently started when several young girls were found playing with a ball made of crystal. Only trying to escape their punishment, they claimed to have been forced to do so by a witch. The church tried to seek out and punish the witch or wizard responsible for tormenting the girls and thus started this whole out of control event. The minister of the town, Samuel Parris, not only didnt help the problem, but added fuel to the fire by telling the town that witches were everywhere and that no one could be trusted. Since people were allowed to testify in court about spirits talking to them, everyone backstabbed each other in order to financially gain some others property. If you were convicted of being a witch the only way to escape death was to confess.

Salem :: essays research papers

The Salem Witchcraft TrialsA Time of Fear and ConfusionImagine, just for a minute, living in a time and place where you are not free to practice your own religious or spiritual beliefs and you are forced to live in fear because of persecution by the church and everyone around you. Persecution back in 1692 in Salem Massachusetts was a very real, very serious thing. Those persecuted were hanged, burned, and even press against rocks if found guilty of delightcraft. The Salem Witchcraft Trials stands as one of the darkest times in American history of religious tolerance. The Salem Witchcraft Trails were caused and continued by various events and hatful. Diseases, natural catastrophes, misfortune, and deaths seemed to be around every corner for the mickle that lived in Salem. Instead of writing these events off as bad luck people in Salem blamed these horrible things on the Devil. The people of the town believed that the Devil recruits witched and wizards to do his work for him. As so on as something bad happened, the religious people of Salem were quick to blame it on a witch or wizard. Anything a little out of the ordinary like children claiming to see things that soul else could not was blamed on a witch. The people seemed to be always out to find a witch in hopes of stopping their misfortunes. They believed that once the witch was executed all the bad luck they were experiencing would disappear. Since their bad luck never disappeared their witch hunt would not soon be satisfied. The whole tragic trials were plain started when several young girls were found playing with a ball made of crystal. Only trying to escape their punishment, they claimed to have been forced to do so by a witch. The church tried to seek out and punish the witch or wizard responsible for tormenting the girls and thus started this whole out of control event. The government minister of the town, Samuel Parris, not only didnt help the problem, but added fuel to the fire by telling the to wn that witches were everywhere and that no one could be trusted. Since people were allowed to testify in court about spirits talking to them, everyone backstabbed each other in order to financially gain anothers property. If you were convicted of world a witch the only way to escape death was to confess.

Private Tuition Essay

It is now fashionable for many Malaysian students to go for private guardianship. In fact, most students feel insecure if they do not have extra tuition after indoctrinate. Isnt that correct?Extra tuition may be necessary for some of you. For example, some of you are weak in mathematics. Without help, you may be left behind. Many of you are in classes which are large. Your teacher cannot shed special attention to weak students but your private tutors can.Some teachers may seem unapproachable. Timid students feel afraid to ask questions. They do not require to look stupid. In a small tuition group such students may feel confident. Tutors can excessively afford to be to a greater extent unhurried and allow students to take their time. They do not have to worry about completing the course.Not all teachers are experts in their subjects. Unfortunately, you cannot choose your teachers. On the separate hand, you can shop around for good tutors recommended by friends. You can also ch ange tutors whom you find unsatisfactory. However, not all tutors either. Nowadays new graduates join tuition centres while waiting for other jobs. They are not trained teachers. They leave when they find something better to do. They are not bothered about completing the syllabus before the resign, so be careful.In addition, tuition centre exist to make a profit. Classes are often large there may be as many as 20 to a class. This means you pay for individual attention but do not get it. They have also been cases of tuition centres closing after having collected fees in advance.Finally, extra tuition takes up too much of a students time. A hooking of time is emaciated on travelling to and from the tuition centre. Some of you treat tuition classes as social gatherings. You can actually use your time more profitably on hobbies or personal revision. After attending tuition classes, you may be too tired to do your homework or your school work.If you pay attention in class and do your r evision regularly there is no need for extra tuition. The money you would save could be employ to buy revision books or put a side for furthering your education in the future. Personally I feel private tuition is a waste of hard-earned money.

Nature Based Therapy

Introduction Nature based therapy is not a new concept, our good being and association with record is discontinue of the never-ending human quest of who were are and just where is our place in this vast environment which surrounds us. In order to better grasp the topic of character based therapy or ecotherapy, studies consulted were those pertaining to our connection with disposition and our wellbeing. Just how does nature connexion affect our experiencing of a good life is the reduce of the first paper freshen uped, by Howell, J. A. , Dopko, R. L. , Pass more(prenominal), H. , Buro, K. (2011).The second paper by Jordan & marshal (2010) describes a the changes to the traditional therapy sort in a the uncertain environment of the exposedoors. In taking therapy exterior, we work with nature as superstar of the variables in the alterative kind. The integrative, often existential approach of nature- based therapy or ecotherapy, is gaining rapid ground in the field of couns elling and psychotherapy. My lowest research paper aims at looking further into this growing field and how it can help those suffering from anxiety, burnout and depression. Article Review A Howell, J. A. , Dopko,R. L. Passmore, H. , Buro, K. (2011). Nature connectedness Associations with well- being and mindfulness. Personality and Indivi bivalent Differences, 51 (2), 166-171. Howell, Dopko, Passmore and Buro (2011) delve deeply into the question of our connectedness with nature and how it can be measured as a reflection of our intellectual well- being. The authors, all from the Grant MacEwen University in Edmonton Alberta conducted twain empirical studies evidencing this association with data demonst rate that connection to nature may be more beneficial to our delirious and social well- being that previously realized.Drawing from the Biophilia hypothesis argued by Harvard evolutionary biologist E. O Wilson in 1984, that human beings have an instinctive, emotional and genetic n eed to be in contact with nature, Howell et al. , thus hypothesize that higher levels of nature connectedness would be associated with higher levels of well-being and with greater mindfulness. Many studies have been conducted on the subject with various results. Howell et al. , describe a con conducted by Mayer and Franz in 2004 which showed a significant correlation between trait nature connectedness and life propitiation (p. 66). They are careful to define the word trait and provide a seemingly through review of the qualitative variables in current literature, discussing the changes in definition of well- being by various theorists (Nisbert, Zelenski and Murphy, 2011). The team from Alberta builds upon current research by probing further into the question of the whether trait nature connectedness was associated with purporting well and with functioning well as well as the relations among nature connectedness and a second index of positive mental health, mindfulness (p. 67). Howell et al. , review a large amount of research, define terminology and uncover new holes in the theories, they then go on to pose the hypotheses are higher levels of nature connectedness associated both with higher levels of well being and with greater mindfulness? methodology Howell et al. , conducted two studies using quantitative methods. In the first study, data was peaceful from 452 university students, primarily female, with 81. 1% identifying Canada as their country of birth (p. 167).Using a variety of questionnaires including Mayer and Franz (2004) 14- item Connectedness to Nature Scale, Keyes (2005) 40- item, measure of well being and Brown Ryans (2003) aware Attention Awareness Scale (MASS). In order to ensure objectivity of results, Howell et al. , balanced these scales by using Paulhuss (1994) Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding which serves to filter out unintentionally inflated self-descriptions and impression management (p 168). In the second study 275 students participated, all students of similar age and demographic as thefirst study.Howell et al. , used a hardly a(prenominal) of the same questionnaires adding the Allo-Inclusive Identity Scale (Leary, Tipsord Tate, 2008) as well as the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PMS) (Cardaciotto, Herbert, Forman, Moitra, Farrow, 2008). In an attempt to provide consistency and validity to the results, Howell et al. , provide thickset definitions and examples for close to of the questions on these scales in order that the reader better understand the subtle differences in the descriptive statistics of the variables.Results Variables such as connectedness to nature, nature relatedness, allo comprehensive identity, emotional well being, psychological well being, social well being, MAAS, PMS awareness and PMS acceptance showed correlations between nature connectedness and well being. descriptive statistics were measured and then match among variables using confirmatory factor analysis (CF A). Howell et al. , also provided models with hypothesized correlations between nature connectedness, well -being and mindfulness.In the first study associations between nature connectedness and well- being and between well- being and mindfulness were significant however, the association between nature connectedness and mindfulness was not (p. 168). In the second study , correlations were significant with respect to psychological and social and emotional well being and with the added test scores added to the soup, nature connectedness was found to be significantly correlated to mindfulness. Discussion Howell et al. are satisfied with their consistent findings and that most results of their two studies support their hypothesis and suggest that nature connectedness is associated with the extent to which people are flourish in their private, personal lives (p. 170). Howell et al. do admit that somewhat of the findings were inconsistent with their hypothesis and that future research could examine moderators and mediators of the blood between nature connectedness and mental health (p. 170).They go onto discuss future research possibilities and challenges, including how nature could be incorporated into other activities to produce maximum therapeutic results. Howell et al. , produced convincing research into the relationship between connectedness to nature and well being. They took into account multiple scales of affect in order to collect their results and carefully described their differences and their impact on the last results. I feel their downfall is in their sample size and demographic and suspect results may be different depending on age and culture.Perhaps new rating scales would need to be developed in order to reflect these differences. Essentially, nature can benefit us all and regardless of the outcome being vex within a natural environment will help you learn to experience the moment and perhaps even a renewed vitality in life. Article Review B J ordan, M. , Marshall, H. , (2010). Taking counselling and psychotherapy outside Destruction or enrichment of the therapeutic frame? European Journal of Psychotherapy and Counselling, 12 (4), 345-359We all know that nature can help us feel better, but just how can we take a traditional therapeutic frame outdoors? What would be the challenges and what is the potential of this upcoming field of ecotherapy? Ecotherapy represents a new form of psychotherapy that acknowledges the vital role of nature and addresses the human nature relationship (p. 354) Martin Jordan and Hayley Marshall use relational therapy concepts in order to investigate mutuality and asymmetry and how they may be experienced differently in the great outdoors.Both Jordan Marshall are practicing registered psychotherapists and by using their own experiences, they explore both the successes and challenges to the traditional framework of a therapeutic session. Jordan Marshall address many fundamental questions including how confidentiality would be addressed in public settings and how timing or the therapeutic session is affected by practicing counselling and psychotherapy outside. They believe that the challenges to the traditional framework could be sorted out between client and therapist and in fact become part of the process .A flexible contract could be drawn up, one open to change. Jordan Marshall are careful to provide several definitions of a therapeutic frame, from eh uber- conservative Psychotherapy should be carried out in a soundproof consulting room, in a private office in a professional building (Langs 1982), to being seen as a transgression or a dual relationship for the therapist (Zur 2001). But there are others who believe that the therapeutic boundary should be a dynamic process (Hermansson, 1997) or that the flexibility in the frame is an opportunity for deepening the therapeutic work and relationship (Bridges, 1999).Jordan Marshall seem to be covering all bases with their own summary of a therapeutic boundaries, Working outdoors can throw new light on these traditionally more fixed ideas concerning boundaries and invite an increasingly flexible perspective on issues concerning military unit and mutuality within the therapeutic relationship (p. 347). They examine the changes in client therapist relationships and how mutuality must not be equated with equality in terms of the therapeutic relationship. Jordan Marshall are not prescribing a recipe for therapy outdoors nor are they saying therapy is better outdoors.Their goal with this paper is to present their experiential findings and observations regarding the challenges various forms of outdoor therapy impart on the traditional therapeutic frame as well as on the relationship between therapist and client. Methodology The qualitative method devised to learn more about the impacts of taking the therapeutic frame outdoors was simple. Jordan Marshall began to hold sessions outdoors with their existing cli ents. They used two types of interactions outdoors 1. taking the traditional therapeutic frame of one hour into nearby nature and 2. aking clients on excursions where the frame is extended to over a weekend or more. Relational theory concepts were used in order to better understand how the traditional frame of psychotherapy elements such as confidentiality and timing of therapeutic work, weather, containment and power dynamics (p. 347), would be challenged by unpredictable natural environment. The variables of mutuality and asymmetry were also studied in terms of the expanding boundaries in the client therapist relationship. 1 case study (in two parts) is presented in order to better grasp the challenges and potential of nature based therapy.Results Jordan Marshall found many potential challenges in taking the therapeutic frame outdoors. In particular, they found that the boundaries between client and therapist, could become challenged. The outdoors provided a neutral environme nt which fostered mutuality but maintaining some asymmetry in the relationship could be difficult. In taking this frame outdoors, Jordan Marshall also found that the structure of the frame itself may need to be reshaped and become more flexible perhaps the frame becomes an open process, rather than an ultimate set of rules.They also found that sometimes the unpredictability of the environment created more anxiety, both in the client and the therapist and that the establishment of a therapeutic container or the building of a home in nature (Berger, 2006) was successful in overcoming some of these obstacles. Discussion The purpose of Jordan Marshalls paper was to provide information on the potential and challenges of taking traditional therapy practice outdoors. Jordan & Marshall consulted a vast reference amount including one of the founders of nature- based therapy, Ronen Berger and this provided interesting insight into this emerging field.At times the paper felt disorganized an d the case presentation split in two halves was confusing. Results were bewildered throughout the paper and the methodology was vague and seemingly structureless. Nevertheless, Jordan & Marshall got to the gist of the subject and were honest with their results, reporting their own struggles with mutuality and asymmetry when taking clients outside of the traditional hour long frame both clients and therapists can experience a blurring of the boundaries between what is therapy and what is social space (p357).Jordan & Marshall did not however, provide such(prenominal) data as to how many clients they had seen and under what circumstances. Their observations are keen and easily related to when thinking about the traditional therapeutic frame, nevertheless a concrete chart or model, using the relational as well as other theories or approaches, would have been welcome and interesting. ConclusionOverall I found both these articles entrancing and extremely pertinent to my final research paper. Simply being present within a natural environment can help us feel better. Perhaps when taking therapy outdoors and as nature becomes a dynamic third in the therapeutic relationship, the traditional frame will come alive(p) with an emergent creativity and mindfulness nudging us all towards our own true nature.

Nova Scotia Ethic Assignment

Being short means that the firms sell more shares than are available in the sun wage hike(prenominal) issue and the rim has some fire power in the after-market, meaning more liquidity. Mr.. Berry was earning one thousand thousands of dollars for the bank in 2004, it was seeking placeside legal nonions on the ramifications of renegotiating his contract to stop paid him so much. Cumming is willing to testify that senior executives at Scotia had divulged the banks desire to catch Berry in something like a securities colza so Scotia could use it against him, to either severely reduce his compensation package or fire him.The bank claimed that Berry had hidden his behavior and that his education and didactics was such that e should fix k outrightn his misconduct breached fundamental terms of his employment with Scotia, and was just cause for his termination. Colon (berrys lawyer) cited the passage in COMIC that exempts the dispersion of any previously uninsured securities from b eing entered on the reciprocation. Williams responded by saying, The advice we received from counsel-?. Scotia lawyer interrupted, preventing Williams from finishing her sentence, explaining that what she was about to say was protected by solicitor-client privilege.But the fact that Williams, herself a lawyer, had sought a legal opinion on Berrys reads begged a crucial question if the head of conformation didnt know whether or not what Berry was doing was improper, how could they birth him to understand? An industry thats almost entirely self-regulated, Berrys case raises questions about how this monitoring is carried out. The history of Citibank and David Berry The Bank of Nova Scotia, commonly referred to as Citibank, welcomed its first customers in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1832. Citibank continued to expand its branches across Canada, into the U. S. ND overseas from the 1 9th century and onwards. In 1 999, Citibanks Corporate Banking business and Scotia uppercase Markets were integrated to form Scotia Capital. Citibank now serves to some 21 million customers in more than 55 countries across the world. One of the briny factors for the growth and success of Citibank is that it fosters a committed team that lives their dual-lane values and works together to provide customers with expert advice, insights and financial solutions . Citibank clearly puts great emphasis on hiring the best candidates suitable for their descents. One individual who stood out the most was David Berry.Berry first worked at Ernst & Young after go outing out that the firm loud pay for his MBA tuition if he committed to work for them for a few years. He had left Ernst & Young after receiving his MBA and chartered accountant license to join Scotia Capital in 1995. Berry Was presented the opportunity to work at Citibank through his fathers friend, Gordon Cheeseburger, who was the chairman of Scotia Capital Markets at the time. Berry started out as a research associate and had later mo ved to the Sales and Trading section In the span of two years, he do his way up the ladder to eventually dominate Scotia Capitals preferred desk.Berry became a to commodity as new(prenominal) banks wanted him to leave Citibank and join them, which led to Citibank offering Berry a direct-driven jam in which he kept a certain percentage of the win he made for the bank. He was the only trader who received a direct-drive deal as all the other traders were compensated on an annual bonus. This direct-drive deal percentage was increased a few times as Citibank aimed to keep Berry at the bank. In 2003, it was stated that he had earned $15 million for himself , earning almost double of the chief operating officer of Citibank.Through his performance he developed any privileges, and his domination of the industry made Berry extremely powerful. Shortly after his rise to success, he was dismissed from Citibank then known as Scotia Capital. What is the ethical case here? The ethical case her e was that Citibank had fired Berry for supposedly act In inappropriate trading practices, specifically, selling newly issued preferred shares to clients without printing the trades biblically on the stock exchange. However, Berry claimed that it was perfectly fine to refrain from printing the trades on the stock exchange. **There were two issues involving Cecilia Williams that weve mixed up. . Cecilia Williams questioned him about the trade regarding balconied and salient West Life. She determined that he was wrong to do this and was going to away the tapes to MRS.. But Berry had played the tapes to Scotia head of trading, Mark Evader, and he state that this was fine and that every trader (including him) did this. As Williams was getting ready to send the typography to MRS., Berry was allowed to attach a narrative to the report explaining his actions. He told Williams that he was going to state that Evader said that what he did was common practice.Williams reacted in shock and said What? Our dead trader does this? After this, there was no talk of the tapes going to RSI. This had nothing to do with the preferred shares. 2. The second issue is in regards to the preferred shares and whether or not they should have been printed on the stock exchange. RSI did their routine trade audit of Scotia, and it was during this that they discovered the preferred shares issue. Celiac Williams wasnt sure if there practices were allowed, and Berry suggested getting opinion from another compliance expert Linda Frets who stated that he had done nothing wrong etc etc. His is the main issue, and the reason he to fired for not the Balconied and Great West Life trade. Http//www. Tortellini. Com/informer/random-situ if-informer/2008/06/01 / traders-revenge/4/ This had all started once Berry started to make millions for the firm and for himself, outpacing the earnings of top executives. Mr.. Berry had bought some shares in the Balconied mining company from a client and, in turn, sold the same client shares in Great West Life. Berry had not printed the trades on the exchange because the preferred shares were new issues (I. E. They were being offered to potential investors for the first time).Berry justified his actions because it was understood in the firm that new issues were exempt from being printed on the exchanged. However, his actions were wrong in the eyes of Cecilia Williams, the head of Scotia Capitals compliance department. Williams had discussed to Berry that she was going to send the tape communication between Berry and his client to the Market Regulation Services. The market enactment service had started its routine scheduled trade desk review at Citibank. Berry went on to get another opinion from his own counsel from a compliance expert, Linda Frets.Frets ad advised that because the new issue shares in question had been sold from Berrys inventory forwards being listed on an exchange, they did not constitute improper off-market proceeding and thus were not in rape of Universal Market Integrity Rules (EMIR). Even if they had been, Berry did not understand why Citibank hadnt alerted him to this issue long before now. He had never been secretive about how he operated. And, as far as Berry was concerned, there was no harm to his clients by trading this way. A few weeks later, Berry was asked to meet with Scotia Capitals deputy chairman along with head Of institutional equities.Berry was notified that he was being suspended for the time being because Citibank was undergoing its own investigation relating to the preferred shares issue. Mr.. Berry filed a SSL 00 million claim focusing on constructive and wrongful dismissal. In homecoming, Citibank filed a counterclaim along with a didactics of defense. Ethical Issue in the Case and ethical behavior practices transgressed One of the issues raised in the case is professionalism. The Commission found a violation and unsuccessful person of the firms upper guidance to act in p ublic enliven in favor of their own. Mr..Berry was allowed to book trades which were entered on the liquidity of the preferred stocks. These trades made money for Scotia, and the more money he made for the bank the more capital he was allocated and the bigger the inventory he could carry and the more money he made as compensation. Even though this is not illegal, integrity of the capital markets was threatened by these actions. Also, the lack of inspection from the management has led to a conflict of interest. Their actions could have had serious and lasting effects on the integrity of capital markets and public trust resulting from a lack of supervision in Scotia Capital.What is the Ethical Issue? The main issue in this case was whether printing the trades of the newly issued preferred shares on the stock exchange constituted unethical trading practices. Furthermore, if the practices were not deemed a violation of JIM by compliance expert Frets (and unsure by Scotia own Cecilia W illiams), did Citibank act ethically in still pursuing their own investigation and terminating his contract? An designation of the key people involved, and their positions in the company Below is a list of the key people involved 1 Cecilia Williams (head of Scotia Capitals compliance department) 2.Linda Frets (External compliance expert) . Jim Mountain (Mr.. Berrys party boss at Scotia Capital Brian Porter, Scotia Capitals deputy chairman 4. 5. Rick Hugh (Citibank CEO) 6. Marc Mannequin (Berrys assistant) David Wilson (then vice-chairman of the Bank of Nova Scotia, and chairman 7. And CEO of Scotia Capital) 8. Andrew Cumming, who, until 2002, was Berrys direct supervisor. Cumming swore an affidavit in support of Berrys lawsuit, claiming that he truism nothing wrong with how Berry was ticketing new issue shares. 9.Mark Evader, Scotia head of trading People who have suffered David Berry David suffered as he had been out of a job for a long time, and thus has offered financially and occupationally. Although he had received many job offers, they were all contingent on the outcome of the case. His reputation has been damaged as this stigma will always stick to him. Furthermore, his absence from the industry for a significant period of time may have damaged his efficiency as a trader as he would have lost many clients and relationships, as well as the power he previously possessed.If he were to return to the industry, it would be near impossible to continue where he left off. In addition, David has further suffered financially as he has had to spend money n financial support his case against Scotia. Citibank It is reported that the preferred desk has suffered without him since he was dismissed. Scotia has also had to spend a lot of money in the case against Berry. David Berrys Clients David Beers clients have most likely suffered as well. If Berry, using his expertise was generating millions in income for himself, its clear that his clients were earning great pr ofits on their investments as well.Although his clients can find another advisor, it is not likely that they will find one with the expertise and skill of David Berry David Berrys Family His family has also suffered because he has not worked ever since the termination from Citibank. This must have cost the family as their standard of brio mustve lowered with the great loss in income. They were living very lavish lifestyles with Berrys income. List of ethical behavior practices that were transgressed 1. Professionalism a. Knowledge of the law d. Misconduct 2. Integrity of Capital Markets a.Material Nonpublic Information (not completely sure) 4. Duties to the Employers B. Additional Compensation Arrangements (Dont know if this fits) C. Responsibility of the Supervisor Description of Events, Penalties or Convictions that followed David Berry was terminated in June, 2005 from Citibank. He was supposed of committing security regulatory violations. He was accused of violating uniform ma rket integrity rules. Berry went into a big legal battle to prove that he did not do anything wrong. Information was released to the media that higher management of Citibank were looking for opinions from alai. O,errs to change Berrys contract and keep him from leaving for a competitor preliminary to his accusation and termination from Scotia Capital. ogdoad years, later all allegations against Berry were dismissed by the IIRC. David Berry has a $100 million class action law suit against his former employer for constructive and wrongful dismissal. What should have happened to prevent improper action, and Resulting changes in corporate practices We believe that the issue was in the company incompetence to provide adequate and effective supervision programs, and procedures for the employees to abide.Lack of supervision from Jim Mountain, as a manager towards the employees, and poor corporate culture has resulted in a failure of employees ethics. A stricter procedural rules and more effective management control should have been imposed and fulfilled. No changes to laws or regulations were performed. The circumstances Of his dismissal for allegedly breaching trading rules and the regulators investigation of his conduct while working at Citibank. For effectual measure, the banks statement added Berrys misconduct breached fundamental terms of his employment with Scotia and was just cause for termination.He violated the trust and responsibility that accompanied his poss. Zion. http//business functionalist. Com/2013/02/after-allegations- against-former-top-Citibank-trader-dismissed-its-now-Mann-a-Mann/ IIRC had brought two sets of allegations against Mr.. Berry claiming that he violated uniform market integrity rules during the distribution of new securities. The panel noted that after obtaining commitments from clients to buy shares in a new issue, some of the gross sales went through syndication while others went through Mr..Berrys inventory account. Because no commission was charged on all of these new-issue sales, some clients knew that the shares didnt come from syndication. And what more the trade occurred when the expression of interest was made -? even though the trade confirmations didnt show the usual new issue trailer. Everyone concerned understood that they were trading a new issue, noted the panel, adding that prior to Mr.. Berry being terminated his employer had no written syndication process policies or procedures. In each of the two prior years to Mr..Berrys dismissal, he had earned $15- million, when CEO Rick Hugh made an average of $8-million and few on the Street would dream of making as much. Mr.. Berry, who is currently suing Citibank for constructive and wrongful dismissal Documents obtained by the monetary post suggest that, about six months before his termination under the cloud of the now-dismissed allegations, the ann. was seeking outside legal opinions on the ramifications of renegotiating his contract to stop p aying him so much. The documents also said Mr..Berry could be fired in the event of any of a regulatory breach, trading losses, or a violation of the banks order of conduct. http// business. functionalist. Com/2013/02/21/after-allegations-against-former-top Citibank-trader-dismissed-its-now-Mann-a-Mann/ http// business. functionalist. Com/2013/01/1 5/IIRC-chaw urges-against-David-berry- dismissed/ However, things turned sour after Citibank created a new contract limiting compensation up to $1 0 million unless stated by management. Berry had not signed this new contract in April 2005.In May 2005, a regulatory precursor to the IIRC issued a exemplification letter to Mr.. Berry. By the end of June 2005, Berry had been terminated with his group having chalked up about $43-million in net income. One year later Mr.. Berry filed a $1 00-million claim alleging constructive and wrongful dismissal. In turn, the bank has filed a statement of defense and counterclaim. Was Citibank trying to save themselves to the possible illegal trading exertion conducted by Mr.. Berry, or was it the top executives jealousy the main driver for Berrys firing?

Health History and Examination Essay

Health Assessment of the Head, Neck, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Mouth, Throat, neurologic transcription, and the 12 Cranial Nerves Skin, Hair, Nails, Breasts, Peripheral Vascular System, Lymphatics, Thorax, Heart, Lungs, musculoskeletal, Gastrointestinal, and Genitourinary SystemsSave this devise on your computer as a Microsoft Word document. You can expand or shrink each area as you need to include relevant data for your client.Student Name Date node/Patient Initials C.B.Sex FAgeOccupation of Client/Patient RetiredHealth History/Review of Systems(Complete and systematic review of systems)Neurological System (headaches, head injuries, dizziness, convulsions, tremors, weakness, numbness, tingling, hassle speaking, difficulty sw allowing, etc., medications)NoneHead and Neck (pain, headaches, head/neck injury, neck pain, lumps/swelling, surgeries on head/neck, medications)Occasional migraines. Meds Phenergan PRN. pli adapted with treatment Eyes (eye pain, blurred vision, history of crossed eyes, redness/swelling in eyes, watering, tearing, injury/surgery to eye, glaucoma testing, vision test, glasses or contacts, medications)NoneEars (earache or other ear pain, history of ear infections, discharge from ears, history of surgery, difficulty sense of hearing, environmental noise exposure, vertigo, medications)Hard of hearing in left ear. Wears a hearing aid daily.Nose, Mouth, and Throat (discharge, sores or lesions, pain, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, sore throat, allergies, surgeries, usual dental care, medications)NoneSkin, Hair and Nails ( grate disease, changes in color, changes in a mole, excessive dryness or moisture, itching, bruising, rash or lesions, recent hair loss, changing nails, environmental hazards/exposures, medications)Chicken pox during childhood. Several skin tags removed on face and neck. Daily sunblock 30 SPF Breasts and Axilla (pain or tenderness, lumps, nipple discharge, rash, swelling, trauma or injury to breast, mammography, breast self-exam, med ications)NonePeripheral Vascular and Lymphatic System (leg pain, cramps, skin changes in arms or legs, swelling in legs or ankles, swollen glands, medications)Pt. states she has sculptural reliefless Leg Syndrome. No formal diagnosis made. Frequent muscle aches all everyplace that require routine cortisone injections. Cardiovascular System (chest pain or tightness, SOB, cough, swelling of feet or hands, family history of cardiac disease, tire easily, self-history of heart disease, medications)Family history of CHF. Pt has had a pacemaker since 2013.Thorax and Lungs (cough, SOB, pain on inspiration or expiration, chest pain with breathing, history of lung disease, smoking history, living/working conditions that affect breathing, ratiocination TB skin test, flu shot, pneumococcal vaccine, chest x-ray, medications)Pneumonia in the past. Current on Flu and Pneumonia vaccine. Musculoskeletal System (joint pain stiffness swelling, heat, redness in joints limitation of movement muscle p ain or cramping deformity of bone or joint accidents or trauma to bones back pain difficulty with activity of daily living, medications)Joint pain and stiffness. Diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Gastrointestinal System (change in appetite increase or loss difficulty swallowing foods not tolerated group AB pain nausea or vomiting frequency of BM history of GI disease, ulcers, medications)Daily BMsGenitourinary System (recent change, frequency, urgency, nocturia, dysuria, polyuria, oliguria, hesitancy or straining, urine color, change stream, incontinence, history of urinary disease, pain in flank, groin, suprapubic region or low back)NonePhysical Examination(Comprehensive examination of each system. Record findings.) Neurological System (exam of all 12 cranial nerves, motor and sensory assessments)A.OLFACTORYI let the unhurried draw the smell of toothpaste, and facial grimace famedB.OPTICPatient able to read label of toothpaste tubeC.OCULOMOTORUsing a penlight and approachi ng from typeface, I shine a light on a pupil and observed the result of the pupil. I did the same on the other side and the pupil constricted when looking at a near object, and dilated when looking at a unlike object. Pupils are equally round and reactive to light.D. TROCHLEAR AND ABDUCENS (cardinal gaze )I held a penlight 1ft. in front of the clients eyes, and let the patient follow the movement of the light with the eyes only. Clients eyes followed as I move the penlight but in late response.E.TRIGEMINALTouched the squinty sclera of the eye to elicit blink reflex. To test light sensation I wiped a wisp of cotton over clients forehead. Client has a positive corneal reflex, able to respond to light sensation, and sensitive to pain.F.ABDUCENSClient able to move eyeballs laterallyG. FACIALClient able to do incompatible facial expressions such as smiling, frowning and raising of eyebrows able to identify different tastes such as sweet, salty and bitter taste H. ACOUSTICClient able to hear loud and soft spoken words able to hear ticking of watch in both ears. I.GLOSSOPHARYNGEALClient able to identify different tastes such as sweet and salty, able to move tongue from side to side and up and down, able to swallow without difficulty with positive pant reflex J. VAGUSClient able to swallow without difficultyK. SPINAL ACCESSORYClient able to shrug shoulders and turn head from side to side against resistanceL. HYPOGLOSSALClient able to protrude tongue at midline and move from side to side Head and Neck ( feel the skull, bring down the neck, discern the face, palpate the lymph nodes, palpate the trachea, palpate and auscultate the thyroid gland) disallow for lesions, scaling, tenderness, and massesEyes (test visual acuity, visual fields, extraocular muscle function, inspect impertinent eye structures, inspect anterior eyeball structures, inspect ocular fundus)Conjunctiva normal color pink over lower lids, white over sclera Sclera whiteEars (inspect external s tructure, otoscopic examination, inspect tympanic membrane, test hearing acuity)Negative for redness, swelling, discharge, or foreign bodies Nose, Mouth, and Throat (Inspect and palpate the nose, palpate the sinus area, inspect the mouth, inspect the throat) Nose Negative for lesions, swelling. Some nasal discharge noted Mouth Negative for canker sores or lesionThroat No lesions are redness notedSkin, Hair and Nails (inspect and palpate skin, temperature, moisture, lesions, inspect and palpate hair, distribution, texture, inspect and palpate nails, contour, color, teach self-examination techniques) Skin Clean and intact. No breakdown notedHair Clean and dry. Mild dandruff notedNails Trimmed and neatBreasts and Axilla (deferred for purpose of class assignment) Peripheral Vascular and Lymphatic System (inspect arms, symmetry, pulses inspect legs, venous pattern, varicosities, pulses, color, swelling, lumps)Arms symmetrical. Pulses palpable. Patient walks with a incumbrance and uses a cane. Varicose veins noted BLE. Mild edema noted RLE. Cardiovascular System (inspect and palpate carotid arteries, jugular venous system, precordium heave or lift, apical impulse auscultate rate and rhythm identify S1 and S2, any extra heart sounds, murmur)Patient has a pacemaker. Pulses palpable. No abnormal heart sounds noted. Thorax and Lungs (inspect pectoral cage, symmetry, tactile fremitus, trachea palpate symmetrical expansion, percussion of anterior, lateral and posterior, abnormal breathing sounds)Respirations even and unlabored. No accessory muscles used. No retraction noted. Musculoskeletal System (inspect cervical spine for size, contour, swelling, mass, deformity, pain, orbital cavity of motion inspect shoulders for size, color, contour, swelling, mass, deformity, pain, range of motion inspect elbows for size, color, contour, swelling, mass, deformity, pain, range of motion inspect wrist and hands for size, color, contour, swelling, mass, deformity, pain, range of mo tion inspect hips for size, color, contour, swelling, mass, deformity, pain, range of motion inspect knees for size, color, contour, swelling, mass, deformity, pain, range of motion inspect ankles and feet for size, color, contour, swelling, mass, deformity, pain and range of motion)Muscles developed without atrophy/hypertrophy. Arms & legs symmetric. Novaricosities, or tenderness. Joints non-tender, without swelling, and with full ROM. Muscle tone & strength 5/5 bilaterally. Spine has full ROM and is without tenderness or deformities. Gastrointestinal System (contour of abdomen, general symmetry, skin color and condition, pulsation and movement, umbilicus, hair distribution auscultate bowel sound, percuss all four quadrants percuss border of liver light palpation in all four quadrants muscle wall, tenderness, enlarged organs, masses, rebound tenderness, CVA tenderness)Abdomen firm and round. Bowel sounds x 4. General abdominal tenderness account. inform having regular BMs Genitou rinary System (deferred for purpose of this class)FHP AssessmentCognitive-Perceptual PatternNeurologic functions, Sensory experiences such as pain and altered sensory input all intact. Pt AAOx3Nutritional-Metabolic PatternPatient eats a regular diet and watches what she eats.Sexuality-Reproductive PatternPatient has had 8 children and 1 miscarriage.Pattern of EliminationPatient reported having daily BMsPattern of Activity and ExercisePatient walks around her neighborhood at least 3 times per week Pattern of Sleep and RestPatient sleeps at least 7 hours a day. Patient denied using any sleeping aids. Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-ConceptPatient is proud of her accomplishments as a wife, buzz off and grandmother.She is also very proud of her cooking and the satisfaction it gives others. Summarize Your Findings(Use format that provides logical progression of assessment.) Situation (reason for seeking care, patient statements)Patient was voluntarily for me in completion of this pr oject. Background (health and family history, recent observations)Patient is a mother of 8, grandmother to 22 and great grandmother to 7 Assessment (assessment of health state or problems, nursing diagnosis)Patient is in overall good health for her age. She does use a cane to an ankle injury but has no other major health issues. Recommendation (diagnostic evaluation, follow-up care, patient education teaching including health promotion education)I advised patient to inhabit eating well and to continue walking around her neighborhood. I expressed the importance of maintaining a healthy weight and remaining healthy.

Death Penalty Essay Introduction Essay

A finis penalty is one of the oldest corrections familiar to man lovely. purely speaking, it was applied even before the criminal law appears in a modern sense of the word. One of the problems worries not only lawyers but a solid society, causing a lot of discussions, disputes and debates, was and still is an issue of execution. At the moment, its relevance is also connected with the fact that now a lot of states are red ink to soften own legislation, abolishing the supreme penalty. In this connection, a question arises as to validity and admissibility of its application.The presence or absence of the capital punishment is a kind of indicator of culture and quality of life, security and public psychogenicity. That is why in socially and economically well-off countries, the death is much calmer, philosophically, not as enlarged as in unsettled states.The relevance of such an investigation is due to the matter that much is said and written, confirmed by judicial and extrajudici al dedicate regarding severe punishments as never frightening things. This is explained, first of all, by the fact they were most frequently applied to criminals who, for various reasons, either did not fear death or ignored it.An attitude of mass consciousness to the capital punishment and scale of its usage serves as a barometer of the communitys morality, its social and mental health. To date, 111 countries have abandoned it, but there are still many governments that have resorted to it so far.Each state faces such dilemma should the death penalty be applied as discipline for especially serious crimes or adhere to the principles of humanism? How effective is it? How does the public opinion influence the abolition or retention of similar penalty? A modern society was divided into two camps. Each of the groups has enough weighty arguments, which it is difficult to disagree.The main motives of supporters of execution are its preventive nature, economic feasibility, and justice of r etaliation. In other words, a lot of citizens consider the rule of mutual murder as justified. An alternative point of feeling also has its justifications and deserves no less attention.Opponents of capital punishment point to an imperfection of the judicial system and its frequent mistakes, an inconsistency of the indicated problem in the context of global law, financial costs, as well as doubtfulness of a preventive effect. In light of increased terrorist attacks, there was another argument like suicide bomber did not scare death. Perhaps, only organizers of the attacks themselves are not in a hurry to part with life. And for them, an execution is a quite likely outcome. However, offend public opinion requires a fair impact on the offenders and does not want to tolerate the facts of insufficiently severe sentences or an abandonment of life by dangerous, incorrigible criminals. And no matter how incompetent, uncivilized it may be, it skunknot be ignored. Otherwise, instead of verdicts, according to the law and the court, a punitive presumption of the population begins.Thus, there can be no unequivocal decision on the issue of death penalty. It affects political, legal, socio-economic, moral-religious, cultural-psychological and other spheres of activity. There are criminals who do not deserve life, but punishment is not all-powerful. Since criminality is of a multilateral and deep nature, the measures to struggle against it must also be complex.

How to Avoid a Nervous Breakdown During Exams

Journal of chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, celestial latitude 2011 Re currentable susceptibility The Key to Achieving Sustainable evolution of Rural Bangladesh M. S. Islam, A. M. H. R. Khan, S. Nasreen, F. Rabbi & M. R. Islam Grameen Shakti Grameen Bank Bhaban (19th floor), Mirpur 2, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh Abstract Re newfangledable readiness technologies ( drenchs) place assistant reduce p overty, heartiness shortage and environmental degradation such as desertification, biodiversity depletion and humour change effects in Bangladesh. The country is short of gas and electricity supply.Over-exploitation of biomass in meeting energy need of the country-style slew has caexercisingd environmental degradation. dowse can help solve those problems if it is widely make use ofd in the country-style Bangladesh where people primarily depend on biomass energy. Bangladesh has enough renewable to mi tigate such energy crisis and its adverse consequences. Bangladesh bei ng an underdeveloped country, global initiative would be helpful in transferring rets for the village domiciles. This composing describes the glimpses of RETs in Bangladesh in terms of its policy issues, implementation, ventilation, marketing, and research and development activities.Modern RETs be still in the research, development and demonstration phase in the country. Like al closely of the developing countries, there is a niche market for new RETs and several private sector entrepreneurs and NGOs get hold of tried to explore this market. Keywords renewable energy engine room solar home carcass sylvan development environmental electricity biogas improved readying stove clean energy energy efficiency. Introduction Bangladesh has major problems with energy crisis, persisting poverty and environmental degradation. With only 49% of Bangladeshis having access to electricity, the per capita energy use is only 180 kWh.Moreover, the people who are connected with the case gri d are experiencing frequent pervert shedding. At present, the country can dedicate about 4500 MW electricity, fleck peak demand is about 6000 MW (USAID, 2011). on that pointfore, the supply is unreliable. some of the supply is limited to urban areas access to electricity in countrified areas is less than 10%. RET can solve this problem by renewable such as sunshine, wind, tidal waves, waterfalls or river current, sea waves or biomass. Use of rene wable energy, growthd energy efficiency and enhancement of energy security constitute a sustainable energy strategy pproach. Renewable forms of energy emit far sensitiveer amounts of greenhouse gases compared with fogy fuels and increased energy conserv ation hastens the decrease of primary fossil fuel use, thus mitigating climate change bushels while contributing to the provision of energy services and enhancing security of energy supply. Usable biomass including cow dung, human excreta, poultry litter, kitchen organic waste, aquatic plants and weeds of a village in Bangladesh can produce the amount of biogas that villagers require for cooking. The fermented slurry from biogas digester is enriched with nitrogen, otassium and early(a) nutrients. It is, therefore, best for soil, environmental health and inelegant productivity management. On the other hand, Bangladesh has one of the naughtyest solar insulation on the earth. The average solar radiation varies here from 5. 05 kWh/m2 solar day in winter to 8. 03 kWh/m2 day in summer. As Bangladesh is a compact flat country with a little geographic variation, the solar radiation data collected from one backsheesh may be treated as that of the whole country. In other word, affordable availability of RETs to the folksy area could be the panacea of poverty reduction and environmental fix inBangladesh. Synergy The relationship between energy and economic development is crucial the process of economic growth requires the substation of energy mix in the perform ance of agriculture, industrial and domestic tasks. The lack of adequate energy in rural Bangladesh has economic lives not just at the individual and household level but at the national level as well. Development in Bangladesh without corresponding increase in per capi ta electricity and gas use of goods and services is, therefore, not feasible. Everyone needs energy in one form or another(prenominal), for day-to-day life, for cooking, lighting, heating and so on.Consequently, energy is to be con viewred as a elemental need along with food, water, shelter and others. In social aspects, energy plays a key role in achieving social justice including gender justice. Low level of energy service is a serious obstacle to raising social, health and nutritional status of community. Dependence on human energy and primitive technologies for option introduces a whole range of obstacles to social and gender e fiber. The rural people in general, and rural females in particular, are tapped in an unceasing cycle of whole kit and boodle that condemns them to poor health, l ittle or no ducation and deprives them in equal participation in topical anesthetic anesthetic development programs (i. e. education, income generating activities, and so on ), self governing bodies and political movements. amend energy services can be at * Corresponding Author Email emailprotected com summon 9 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, declination 2011 the centre of any strategy to mitigate the gender disparity. The availability of adequate, reliable and reasonably expenditured source of energy is, therefore, prerequisite for the development of rural Bangladesh. Suggestions can immediately be made to the extent that the usage of RETs would aunch a new era of appropriate applied science, sustainable socio-economic and environmental development in the country. Rural Energy of necessity More than 70% of total populations of the country live in rural areas. At pr esent major portion of total energy needs for cooking is met by locally available biomass fuels. The rural electrification program meets a small portion of total energy needs. For overall national development there is a need to pay special attention so that the energy needs of rural areas for subsis tence and productive requirements (e. g. agriculture, industries, and transport) are met on a sustainable basis.Different types of renewable energy technologies such as Solar Home System (SHS), Biogas, and Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) are fit for Bangladesh. A Solar Bangladesh SHS has been a successful story in Bangladesh. Our rural people have accepted SHS on a mass scale. Once it was thought that solar energy was not affordable for the rural people. This story has been broken. Along with thirty partner organizations in the country, as of August 2011, over one one million million SHS have been installed in Bangladesh, benefiting over 6 million rural people (IDCOL, 2011). On average, much than 35,000 systems are installed very month and within the next 1 to 3 eld, this rate is likely to be triple. A all- office staffful economic stick has been fashiond to fake solar energy a part of rural life, integrating one of most sophisticated technologies with the aspirations, toils and successes of the rural people. A rural family can have bright light, watch TV and power their mobile phones at the same cost as kerosene, while escaping from dim light, foul spirit smoke including health and fire hazards. Rural businesses can increase their productivity and income through extended wor king hours and attracting more customers. This sector has been creating green jobs and linkage usinesses curiously in the rural areas. Hundreds of local youth s are working in the rural areas as solar technicians. Rural women are assembling solar access ories in village establish Technology Centres. Solar engineers are increasingly employed in designing SHS, working in battery factori es, and other accessory related businesses. Bangladesh is on the verge of a Solar Revolution. Increased aspirations, failure of grid electricity, growing machination and disposable income have created ample say-so for solar energy in rural areas. Biogas Technology Biogas is a proven and widely used source of energy in the country.There is now yet another wave of renewed interest in biogas due to the increasing concerns of climate change, in opening air pollution and increasing oil prices. Such concerns, particularly for climate change, open opportunities for the use of the CDM benefits in the promotion of biogas. In spite of being insignificant in volume, the availability of biogas to very large number of rural people and to very remote areas makes the engineering very suitable and utile. True, mercenaryly produced pipeline natural gas plays and will continue to play vital ro le in the industrialization and urbanization of the country, but his gas will not r from each one the re mote village households any time soon, if at all In that view there is no alternative to biogas for the millions of villagers. The above situation leaves the rural population to rely on the traditional biomass sources for household supply of energy. Over the last few decades there have been renewed interests and initiatives by many organizations to innovate new and improved biomass energy technologies whereby the biomass energy sources can be used more expeditiously and cost effectively for the rural people. The most popular and widely used of these technologies has been the biogas technology in which iomass (cow dung, poultry dropping, agricultural residue etc) is converted into biogas. The biogas is supplied to households for use in cooking in a similar way natural gas is used. In addition, biogas may be used to light houses. Biogas can also be used to run small generator to produce electricity for zip electrical household appliances like TV, electric light, fridge etc. Biogas technology is the most ideal technology for rural Bangladesh. Biogas plant is built with simple technology and uses gross material easily available with the rural households mostly cow dung. Biogas is a kind of gas generated when biomass i. . cow dung or other animal dung or biodegradable organic masses are stored in electric resistance chamber in an anaerobic condition (absence of oxygen). It is a kind of anaerobic bacteria that produces the biogas from the organic debris. The composition of biogas is mainly methane (60 to 70%) with lesser amount of cytosine dioxide (30 to 40%) and traces of hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas and burns in similar way as natural gas (it actually burns at 800 C compared to natural gas which burns at 1000 C, both suitable for cooking and any other household application). A biogas plant consists of a brick made nderground chamber about 10 feet in height connected to a smaller surface feeding chamber on one side and a debris outlet chambe r on the other side. Cow dung or other biomass material with water (in 11 ratio) are fed once a day into the underground chamber from the surface and biogas is generated and accumulated at the top part of the chamber. The gas is tapped by inserting a surface pipe and supplied to kitchen or other places in the house. After producing gas, the residue is moved to the outlet chamber under the gas pressure and incoming new biomass materials and is deposited in a pit as a very good uality fertilizer ready to use in the field. In Bangladesh about 44 million lashings of fuel wood is used in rural areas as cooking fuel each year (Islam and Islam, 2011). These destroy our forest and have negative impact on weather, land and environment. Also, as other biomasses like leaves, cow dung and agricultural residues are burnt as cooking fuel, these can no more help as a natural fertilizer as part of the cycle that keeps Page 10 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 the balance in the ecosystem. In all the above counts, use of biogas technology will bring about benefits to the nvironment and the people. It certainly upgrades an ageold inefficient and poor energy use perform into a more efficient and scientific one. Improved Cooking Stove ICS are those traditional stoves upon which some modifications have been made to give high thermal efficiencies. The efficiencies are defined as a fraction of heat content of the fuel fruitfully utilized. Improved stove save 50-60% traditional fuel as compared with traditional ones. Total amount of traditional fuel consumption in the country is about 39 million tons annually. If improved stoves popularized in the country and if it saves 50% raditional fuel, then annually about 19. 5 million tons of traditional fuel will be saved. The reduction s of traditional fuels by improved stoves, therefore , have lower emission of green house gases in the atmosphere. It also helps conserve the forest resources of the country. In Bangladesh it will be difficult to supply natural gas for cooking purpose to the every households of the country. Therefore, improved stoves have bright future in the country. Large scale dissemination of improved stoves in the country can conserve the local forest and change the social life to a great extent. Factors of SuccessRET is the technology of the Future. But unless this technology can arrival the most deprived and vulnerable group in the world today the millions of rural people who suffer most from the energy crisis this technology will neither reach its full potential, nor will the economic and social problems of the world be lick. In the early stage when very few POs started to kick upstairs renewable among the rural people, village electrification was considered the domain of government programs and development aid, leaving a lega cy of inefficiency and squandered subsidies. Eventually some advanced financing scheme had been created to make RET ffo rdable for rural people. Innovative Financial Schemes to make the Technology Affordable at the same cost as Kerosene RET is still dear(predicate) relative to traditional energy sources. One of our initial challenges was to bring down the high upfront cost of a solar system. An innovative installment base financial scheme worked fantastically which reduced the cost of a system to monthly ker osene cost. This is at the central core of our success story. It also allowed us to prosper our market and reach economies of scale which further allowed us to bring down our costs per unit and engage in a profitable, sustainable business.Instead of renting, we focused on ownership which translates into better care and longevity of the system. As the price of traditional energy sources rises, renewable energy technology is becoming more and more viable, curiously due to its low per unit cost. But, the high upfront cost of the technology is still a major obstacle in generating the shift away f rom traditional fossil fuels and must be dealt with. Focus on Empowerment, Income Generation & Cost Savings Tiding the technology with income generation, cost savings, higher standard of living, and in particular social and stinting endowment is very important . In ruralBangladesh, solar power became synonymous with social status, better living and more income. A rural family could save up to BDT 700 per month in energy cost while enjoying televisions and other modern amenities. Once the installments were paid off within 3 years, there was minimum running cost for nearly 20 years. This made solar a more attractive option than kerosene. They were social benefits also. The burden of women were reduced as they no long-run had to clean kerosene soot , work under dim light and they could take part in home based income generating activities. Children could study under solar light and get connected o the outside world through televisions. For rural businesses, solar power meant producti vity, more gross sales, income and jobs. A rural business could triple its turnover by using solar while minimizing energy cost. Solar power especially helped improve connectivity, increase the sales of electronic goods, create new business opportunities such as mobile phones charging shops, electronics repair, maintenance shops, community television centers etc. A Strong Grassroots Network to declare oneself after sales service, right at the doorsteps of the rural people Rural people are unlikely to invest in a technology which s not invariable and no after sales service is available. We focused on creating a vast network of rural engineers who developed one to one rapport with their customers. They visited each monthly to offer free after sales service for nearly 3 years. Long term warranty (i. e. 20 years for panels, 5 years for batteries and 3 years for charge controllers etc. ) for SHS plus buyback option under which a client can return his /her system, if the area becomes grid connected is a wonderful weapon to explore renewable in the rural areas. A rural network of women technicians has been created to assemble and epair solar accessories to ensure low cost, strong effective repair, maintenance services and availability of spare parts, right at the door steps of the users. It also trained customers on how to take care of their systems and provides them with information manuals. This meant well kept systems, minimum repair and maintenance cost for both clients and us. Capitalizing on Community Forces One reason for this sector was the active involvement of the rural community. Rural people were completely unaware of renewable energy technologies. Winning rural confidence played a vital role. Engagement of community leaders and organizing emonstrations helped a lot. Special focus on creating local stake-hold social and economical was significant. In order to keep the goodwill, the POs offered special packages for rural schooltimes and madrasa. Int roduction to scholarship for school children of solar users and design of especial programs for rural school children to seed awareness of renewable in the next generation were also done. Installation and maintenance the systems, Page 11 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 understand the local market and customs were accelerated by the local youth. Setting up of village ased technology centers to assemble all solar accessories, creating jobs for local women was also essential. This bottom-down, decentralized approach has helped us to keep operating costs low, and gain borrowing by the local communities. GS was unique in that sense that GS not only provided clean energy solutions, but also created powerful social and economical forces for their adoption. For example, GS created jobs for modern men and women who could earn enough in few years to install a system themselves. A Listening Culture coupled with Strong tint Control Building instit utional capacityChallenges and Opportunities Fully developing the infrastructure for renewable in Bangladesh requires more than just putting solar systems on the market. Many projects in t he country also work to remove the barriers to more widespread use of renewable systems and build the skills along with the partner organizations. These POs facilitate a package of interventions to support Bangladeshi institutions in overcoming major market barriers. These institutions include rural electricity cooperatives, community-based organizations, NGOs, microfinance institutions, and private-sector groups. Women as Active agents of ChangeGS remain tuned to local needs by listening to our staffs and clients. The strong Audit and MIS system help GS seek new opportunities, meet challenges and forge ahead. We are flexible and localized in our approach, but without sacrificing quality. SHS registered exponential function growth after the advent of IDCOL with the number of service providers, sup pliers, manufactures multiplying. Bangladesh gained the capacity to manufacture all solar accessories expect for the solar panel. Our government has set a lead of reaching all with electricity by 2020. Momentum has been created for solar power which our rural people have accepted whole eartedly. Solar & other renewable are in a position to play a very important role to complement government efforts to take electricity to all by 2020. We are yet to reach the penetration rate of mobile phones or televisions which has reached more than half portion of the rural market. We are yet to reach cost effectiveness to reach all rural income groups especially the lower income group in large numbers. Challenges GS has set up village based GTC to train and empower young women to become Renewable Energy Technicians and Entrepreneurs. This was one of our most innovative and successful programs. These centers managed by omen engineers train rural women in renewable energy technology, enabling hundr eds of rural women to earn extra money. These women who belong to most deprived class of their communities have learnt skills on assembling, installing and repairing and maintaining one of the most up to engagement technologies in the world. They assemble and repair solar accessories such as charge controllers, mobile chargers, invertors etc. This has enhanced their social and economic value in their communities and contributed to women empowerment. These women have are the backbone of our local production and repair network parcel rural people ccess cost effective, efficient services right at their door steps. They are powerful voices motivating other women, their families and neighbors to install solar and other renewable. Appropriate Product Design & diversification GS with other POs promote and design high quality, innovative products which meet the diversified needs of rural clients. The customer tailored packages ranging from 10 to 135 watts allow a rural client to save ene rgy, generate income and become the owner of a system after 1 or 3 years, at the same cost of kerosene. The standard 50 watt system allows a rural client enjoy 4 bright lights, atch televisions and power mobile phones. For the lower income grouped, there are 10 to 20 watt systems and micro-utility model which al lows sharing of one system by many. Depending on the income of a rural client, the design products varies to power computers, DC fans, refrigerators and income generating activities. Page 12 / 79 There are more than 30 organizations engaged in the rural renewable energy sector. Expect for a few, majority have a very small client base. Cutting edge business culture is yet to develop in this field because of the prevalence of NGO culture. There has been very little fillip for nnovation or new product development because most of the organizations depend on guaranteed soft contributes from IDCOL. Present practice of vast rural network of branches and engineers translates in hu ge consummation cost and slow penetration rate. Lack of good communication especially during the rainy season constraints movements and increases transport cost. Seasonal variation in the income of the rural people makes collecti on of installment difficult. This is not cost effective or feasible in the long run. Training and retaining efficient human resource at the field level is also difficult. Incentive is low compared to the hard work.It is difficult for organizations to increase incentives in order to keep their costs low. There is lack of expert engineers who can make cost effective and efficient SHS designs especially for productive applications. Another major challenge is high battery prices and inability to source quality materials or accessories cost effectively. Huge Tax and VAT are charged on import of all raw materials except solar panels. This increases the cost of local manufacturing of Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 solar a ccessories which in turn increases the cost of Solar Home Systems. ould otherwise come from the fertilizer producing industries. By helping to counter deforestation and degradation caused by overusing ecosystems as sources of firewood and by melioration of soil conditions, biogas technology reduces CO2 releases from these processes and sustains the capability of forests and woodlands to act as a degree Celsius sink. There has been very little incentives from the government to popularize RET except for long term soft loan through IDCOL. Most practitioners are over dependent on IDCOL with no diversification of funding. Mainstream financial institutions are yet to take a major interest in the RET sector.Improved Cooking Stoves can be one of the most cost effective devices to stop in -door air pollution and reduce deforestation. In this connection, GS has already constructed around 373,969 ICSs through local technicians. A huge positive response from women have been receiving because o f 50% less fuel cost and smoke free cooking. Various POs could disseminate 10 million cooking stoves by 2015 if proper initiatives are taken . Opportunities Exponential demand has been created among rural people for solar power and renewables. This is mainly due to increased price of kerosene, diesel, and lack of grid connected ower, decreased price of solar energy, and especially due to growing aspiration and economic diversification of the rural people. Dependence on land or agriculture is reducing, cattle is being replaced by power tillers, tractors etc. Nearly 60% of the rural people own a television. Diversification of rural economy concurrent with increasingly efficient solar systems has created market for larger Solar Energy System applications to power pumps, mini/micro grids for SMEs, network kiosks etc. The rural farmers suffer from power shortage during the irrigation season and replacement of electric power pumps by solar pumps would save the rid system of 800 MW load o n the national grid. There is also increasing demand in rural health and education sector for Integrated Energy Systems to power lights, computers, TVs and refrigerat ors etc. Solar power can fill the niche. Solar power can also be used for early warning systems, emergency lighting, water desalination etc. in disaster zones. Increasing load shading in the urban areas has made solar power an attractive option for urban dwellers. 1 to 10 KW systems to power lights, TVs and other appliances in domestic and commercial sector can easily create a niche, alongside diesel generators and second base Power publish etc. Technical progress has reduced cost, increased efficiency and diversified the application of solar energy. For example, use of guide and CFL has reduced the cost of solar power, while increasing its efficiency. Pico systems (1 to 5 watts) can power 2 or more lights while charging mobile phones. This has brought solar technology within the reach of lower income groups. LED bas ed systems have resulted in dramatic decrease in costs. Factors to reduce cost include efficient loads, innovative batteries, and lower module cost. We can use biogas technology not only generating cooking gas, but also for generating ure methane gas which can used for running vehicles, power pumps and other electronic equipment. This will facilitate rural development. Though some large s ized biogas plants in Bangladesh are generating electricity, needs. We can scale this up if we can purify the gas and place it in cylinders. We can use all types of wastes ranging from animal dung to crop resi dues for this purpose. This is successful technology which has been implemented in India, Sweden and many other countries. Our Government which is promoting independent power generation should also facilitate this type of technology. We can use biogas technology in urban areas to onvert wastes into electricity, gas and organic fertilizers. Again Biogas technology takes part in the global stru ggle against the greenhouse effect by reducing the release of CO2 from burning fossil fuels in two ways. First, biogas is a direct easing for gas or coal for cooking, heating, electricity generation and lighting. Second, the reduction in the consumption of artificial fertilizer avoids carbon dioxide emissions that Bangladesh currently has a thriving RET sector with multiple companies manufacturing batteries, lightings and other solar accessories. Many of these companies are also exporting heir products. Recently government has decided to include solar as a thrust sector in its industry policy. Policy Options Building a Cutting Edge Entrepreneur Based Structure Bangladesh is uniquely positioned to reach 75 million people with renewable energy technologies by 2015. However, we cannot tap into this huge potential through the existing model. We need to develop a tart edge, efficient, flexible structure of rural based entrepreneurs who will take solar and other RET to every nook and co rner of country to create a truly Solar Bangladesh. We need to focus on the following for the above transformationCreating Clean Energy Entrepreneurs Page 13 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Providing long term soft loans at 5 to 6 % interest rate to all RET related businesses is needed. Present practice is that service providers can access soft loans after installing the systems. This does not take into account high upfront cost of sourcing supplies or developing the organizations. similarly solar related manufacturing/ supply companies have to access loans at very high cost. Our financial incentives are focused on microfinance institutions. Instead of this, we should help create business companies small nd big at the district/sub-district level linked with local entrepreneurs to widespread RET. This would create ownership, innovations and competition. We can create village based women entrepreneurs to promote Improved Cooking Stoves etc . They would also assemble, repair solar accessories and provide after sales service. They can be linked with small course credit from rural financial institutions. RET is a step in the right direction. However most clients / renewable energy companies have been unable to access the loan because loan is to be provided to SHS customers and reimbursement is only after the installation.Energy Companies are not able to directly access this fund. This financing scheme has failed to gain momentum because of complex regulations and risk of exposure adverse tendency of commercial banks. We can create village based SME entrepreneurs to popularize sol ar pumps, mini grids and biogas plants etc. The entrepreneurs would invest in the technology and earn a return by renting the technology to others. They can source loans from rural banks. District/sub district level companies can help rural based source loans and the technology through guarantee, information, while national level companies wo uld help istrict/sub-district level small and big compani es to source finance, technology and build up their market. Including a component in housing loans for installing solar. Creating a special green fund for providing grant for pilot testing new projects. Providing matching grants through local government institutions to green our infrastructure such as rural schools , clinics, cyclone shelters, etc. Focusing on an Efficient, Cost effective Supply Chain We need to set up more battery and other solar accessory manufacturing units to create a competitive environment, reduce costs and increase efficiency. Our government should try o attract foreign investment and R & D in this sector. Creating a window in agricultural and other rural financial institutions to provide credit fo r RET, we can include training and credit for renewable energy technologies in our youth development programs. We should especially focus on SME loans and micro-credit loans for creating small and big entrep reneurs in the rural areas. Currently solar practitioners are suffering from high battery price. This can be solved through more battery companies. We should concentrate on manufacturin g export quality products to achieve economies of scale and tap into the world market. We can onsider setting up Green Enterprise Zones especially for solar accessories such as charge controllers, invertors, mobile chargers etc with a focus on the rural areas to create green jobs. spread green bonds for raising capital for solar and other RET. Passing Pro -renewable energy Laws Providing special incentives such as long term soft loans, assess cuts for promoting solar both at the individual and commercial level. Biogas production can also be installed in combination with sanitation. Public toilets incorporating biogas units are particularly suitable for pen -urban areas and small towns in India where the supply of cooking gas is nadequate and wastewater treatment is unaffordable for the local author ities. Biogas systems can become part of decentralized wastewater treatment, and provide the fuel needed for heating water, for bathing and running generators to provide lighting in these facilities. Removing all VAT/Tax for all type of solar accessories and raw materials to reduce cost. Bangladesh has one of the highest tariff structures in the world. Providing tax holidays and other benefits for investing in solar businesses. Making it mandatory to have all market places, restaurants, commercial buildings to install solar. At the same time government should rovide soft loans for solar installation which would be part of housing loans. Easy Access to Green realization & Funds Investing in Capacity Development and R & D Page 14 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 create a sustainable framework for developing human resources through country wide vocational centers, training institutes etc. Focus should be also on developing export quality hu man resource. This would also an incentive for private companies to participate with the maturing of the sector. Focusing on R & D to adapt and develop innovative technologies. We should have nnovation lab in all major universities which should be linked with international institutions and research institutions. Government should create an incentive structure such as competitions, awards to promote R & D. Facilitating new ideas such as installment collection through mobile phones, prepaid cards to scale up and reduce transaction costs. Conclusion Bangladesh has given birth to one of most successful models to replicate RET. Keys to these successes are an innovative credit system, appropriate product design, grassroots based effective and efficient after sales service plus other consumer friendly options. However, the main actor behind the Bangladesh success story is that it empowers rural communities to own and uses RET and eventually become partners to bring and expand RET in their communities. It seeks solutions that empower women, the disadvantaged, create jobs, facilitate rural development and especially protect the environment. To summarize, Bangladesh already has see to it with RET projects. The potential of these project initiatives is high. Viable approaches need to be amplified to a broader context under a national RET strategy. In particular, the pilot schemes of RET development in Bangladesh need be scaled up to take a greater share in f niche markets for RET and change relevant institutions to implement RET policy direction are possible avenues to assist with this. References 1. M S Islam and M R Islam (July 2011), Reducing biomass usage in rural areas of Bangladesh, South Asia Energy Network, Practical Action, Colombo, p . 4 -5 2. United States Agency for International Development (2011), Obtained from http//www. usaid. gov/bd/programs/energy. html Accessed on 2nd October 2011 3. Infrastructure Development Company Limited (2011), Obtained from ht tp//www. idcol. org/prjshsm2004. php Accessed on 3rd October 2011 Page 15 / 79