7 Ways of Naming Muscles free essay sample

To aide us in this process there are ways to become more familiar and to help make these muscles more identifiable. There are at least 7 ways to do this. By having descriptive portion included in the muscle name is the major way of aiding one. This can be done by including the Location within the body, origin and insertion points, fascicle organization. The relative positions, structural characteristics and action. When using location in the body there may be a term included that is associated with a specific body region. At times a muscle may be so prominent that the name of the body region alone can identify it. Orbicularis occuli we know its in the eye region cause of occuli. Origin and insertion is when muscles include terms for the part of the body specific to there origin and location one part orgin and second part the insertion. Names may be long and difficult to pronounce. We will write a custom essay sample on 7 Ways of Naming Muscles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Illiocostalis thoracis is an example illium and ribs in the thoracic cavity. Fascicle Organization is like the appearance the rectus abdominis which in the muscle located in our abs. There is a descriptive term of the muscle appearance and also a location name rectus means straight and abdo lets us know that it is in the abdominal region. Muscle positioning also known as Relative Position is a way where there is a term attached to exact positioning. For example externus for visible at the body surface or superficialis. Deeper muscles are termed internus or profundus. Muscles that stablize specific organs are known as extrinsic. Structural Characteristics some names have something to do with how many of them are in a group triceps and quadriceps are prime examples having 3 muscles in the triceps and quadriceps has four muscles. Shapes of the muscles also can be a way to name them trapezius is like trapazoid and orbi- is like circle. Size also has a play in naming long (longus), smaller ,(minor) smallest (minimus),and so forth. ? Action can play a part in naming. For example how the muscle moves or what it moves. For example abductor, adductor, we know the movement associated with this so that helps to identify. An example is the Extensor Digitorum muscle of the forearm. It extends the four fingers of the hand. ? ? ? Name the principal axial muscles of the body and describe their origins, insertions, actions, and innervations. They are the head and neck muscles, muscles of the vertebral column, oblique and rectus muscles, as well as the muscles of the pelvic floor. The muscle groups of the head and neck have 6 muscle groups. The muscles that perform facial expression are originating on the skull. Extrinsic eye muscles are originating on the surface of the orbit and can also control the positioning of the eye. Muscles that move the mandible are the muscles of mastication. Tongue muscles end in glossus. The pharynx muscles start the beginning of the process of swallowing. Neck muscles on the anterior side support pharynx and tongue; they also push down the mandible and can control larynx position. Orbicularis oris constricts the mouth openeing. Buccinator moves food around within the mouth Epicranium are muscles of the scalp. Temporoparietalis, Occipiofrontalis are the frontal and occiital bellies they are separated by the epicranial aponeurosis. The anterior surface of the neck. Is covered by the Platysma. The extra ocular muscles include Inferior, medial, superior and lateral rectus. As well as inferior and superior oblique muscles. The strongest jaw muscle is the masseter. It is assisted by the temporalis which helps lift the mandible and the pterygoid muscles help in positiong the mandible. Palatoglossus originates at palate. Styloglossus originate at syloid process. Genioglossus originates at the chin, Hypoglossus originates at hyoid bone. Pharyngeal constrictor muscles:–move food into esophagus Elevation of the larynx is performed by the Laryngeal elevator muscles Palatal muscles aid in lifting the soft palate. Digastric:–from chin to hyoid, and hyoid to mastoid Mylohyoid floor of the mouth Geniohyoid between hyoid and chin Stylohyoid between hyloid and styloid Sternocleidomastoid from clavicle and sternum to mastoid The scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid. Are connected by the Omohyoid Spinal extensors or erector spinae muscles (superficial and deep) Spinal flexors (transversospinalis) Superficial Spinal Extensors include Spinalis group,Longissimus group,Iliocostalis group. Deep Spinal Extensors include ,Semispinalis group, Multifidus , Interspinalis ,Intertransversarii , and Rotatores muscles. In the Neck longus capitis and longus colli are muscles that rotate and flex the neck In the lumbar regioin quadratus lumborum muscles,depress the ribs and the flex spine. Vertebral column, oblique and rectus muscles. Oblique muscles are responsible to compress underlying structures and rotate vertebral column. Rectus muscles flex vertebral column ,oppose erector spinae Oblique muscles Cervical region scalene muscles flex the neck Thoracic region the intercostal muscles (external and internal intercostals): Control breathing movements of ribs transversus thoracis cross inner surface of ribs Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as thoracic): Include external and internal oblique muscles Transversus abdominis rectus group(Rectus abdominis) are between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis they are divided longitudinally by linea alba and divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm performs respiration, divides thoracic and abdominal cavities Pelvic muscle functions Support organism the pelvic cavity, control movement of materials through urethra and anus and flex the sacrum and coccyx. The Perineum is the muscular sheet forming the pelvic floor. The Perineum is divided to anterior urogenital triangle , posterior anal triangle. The Pelvic Diaphragm supports the anal triangle, and deep muscular layer extending to pubis The Urogenital Diaphragm Is the deep muscular layer between pubic bones: Its functions are to support the pelvic floor and muscles of the urethra Superficial muscles of the urogenital triangle support external genitalia References: Martini, FH (2009). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 8th edition ? ? Name the principal appendicular muscles of the body and describe their origins, insertions, actions, and innervations. The Appendicular Muscles are used to stabilize and position the pectoral and pelvic girdles, as well as move the upper and lower limbs. Appendicular Muscles division includes Muscles of the upper limbs and shoulders which move the arm, position the pectoral girdle, move the hand , fingers and forearm. The other division is Pelvis and lower limbs muscles. The muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle are composed of 6 muscles Trapezius which is superficial it covers neck and back to base of skull it also inserts on clavicles and scapular spines. Rhomboid and levator scapulae which is deep to trapezius it attaches to cervical and thoracic vertebrae and inserts on the scapular border Serratus anterior is on the chest it originates along the ribs inserts on the anterior scapular margin. Subclavius originates on the ribs and inserts on the clavicle. Pectoralis minor attaches to the scapula. There are 9 Muscles used to move the Arm. Deltoid the major abductor. Supraspinatus which assists deltoid. Subscapularis and teres major both produce medial rotation at shoulder. Infraspinatus and teres minor both produce lateral rotation at shoulder. Coracobrachialis that attaches to scapula and produces flexion and adduction at shoulder. Pectoralis major which are between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus and produces a flexion at shoulder joint Latissimus dorsi located between the thoracic vertebrae and the humerus its movement that it produces is an extension at shoulder joint The Rotator Cuff has muscles involved in shoulder rotation they are supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor,and their tendons Moving down the arm there are muscles that move the forearm and hand. They originate on the humerus and insert on the forearm exceptions the major flexor or biceps brachii, the major extensor or triceps brachii. There are Extensors mainly located on the posterior and lateral surfaces of the arm. Flexors are mainly on medial and anterior surfaces. 13 Muscles are used in movement of the forearm and hand. Biceps brachii:flexes elbow stabilizes shoulder joint Triceps brachii:extends elbow originates on scapula inserts on olecranon Brachialis and brachioradialis flex elbow originates on scapula inserts on radial tuberosity Anconeus opposes brachialis Palmaris longus superficial is what flexes wrist Flexor carpi ulnaris superficial is used to flex wrist and adducts wrist Flexor carpi radialis superficial,flexes wrist,abducts wrist Extensor carpi radialis superficial,extends wrist,abducts wrist Extensor carpi ulnaris superficial,extends wrist, adducts wrist Pronator teres and supinator originate on humerus and ulna, rotate radius Pronator quadratus originates on ulna assists pronator teres Extrinsic muscles of the hand move the hand and fingers they are entirely within forearm only tendons cross wrist (in synovial tendon sheaths) The muscles are the extensor retinaculum which is a wide band of connective tissueposterior surface of wrist and stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles. The flexor retinaculum is on the anterior surface of wrist it stabilizes tendons of the flexor muscles. Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs include the the pelvic girdle which is tightly bound to axial skeleton it permits little movement and has few muscles The Muscles that Position the Lower Limbs consist of ,Muscles that move the thigh and Muscles that move the leg, Muscles that move the foot and toes Muscles that Move the Thigh are the gluteal muscles , lateral rotators ,adductors Iliopsoas. Cover lateral surfaces of ilia Gluteus maximus is the largest most posterior gluteal muscle it produces extension and lateral rotation at hip.

Using the French Expletive Connard in Conversation

Using the French Expletive Connard in Conversation The French noun connard  (pronounced kuh-nar) is an informal term commonly used as an expletive. Loosely translated, it means idiot or jerk, although most people understand it to mean something more obscene. As with all slang, its important to understand what youre saying before you go using it in everyday conversation. You and your friends may toss around expletives like connard  knowing that youre joking. But you probably wouldnt want to use such language in a formal situation or in front of strangers. Translation and Usage A more direct translation of  connard  would be ahole or any number of variations on the f-word. A French person searching for a synonym might choose imbà ©cile  or  crà ©tin.  There is also  a feminine version:  une connarde / une connasse  for cow. Examples of Usage Here are a few examples for context. To be clear, we are not recommending using this term. But it will be useful to understand it because it can be overheard on the streets of any French city or town. Cest un vrai connard ! Hes a real jerk!Tu es le  connard  de lautre nuit.  Casse-toi ! Youre the [expletive] from the other night. Get away!Et je suppose que le sale  connard  veut quelque chose en à ©change.  Ã‚  And I assume the dirty  [expletive] wants something in return.Ecoute, tu devenais un incroyable  connard.   Listen, you were becoming/being an unbelievable jerk.Babe Ruth à ©tait un  connard, mais le baseball reste gà ©nial.  Ã‚  Babe Ruth was  [expletive], but baseballs still  beautiful.Tu peux pas me parler, espà ¨ce de  connard.   You cant talk to me, you son of an  [expletive].Cest pas toi qui pose  la question,  connard.  Ã‚  Youre not asking the question,  [expletive].Vandalisme, arme blanche : Ten prends pour six mois,  connard.   Vandalism, deadly weapon. You get six months in lockup,  [expletive].Ouai, ben, soul ou sobre, tes toujours un  connard.  Ã‚  Yeah, well, drunk or sober, youre still an [expletive].

Should we be more suspicious of the benefits that Computer Dependency Essay

Should we be more suspicious of the benefits that Computer Dependency brings - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that we live in a world where technological evolution dictates the next level of the evolution of the human race. Computers are at the forefront of each activity that is a part and parcel of our daily lives. From waking us up in the morning to heating up a bag of popcorn, the computer has taken over even the most menial tasks that used to define a person as a human being. Just like any other piece of technology or equipment that becomes an integral part of our lives, there are certain risks involved each time we use the gadget. It is this percentage of danger that the detractors of our society's dependency on computers use as the basis of their anti-computer campaigns. There are quite a number of valid yet controversial points of view when it comes to the benefits that we reap from the existence of computers versus the consequences that we face as a society as we become more and more dependent on software, hardware, and serv ers for storing and usage of our vital information. With the steady rise of computer crimes, hacking, identity theft, embezzlement, and fraud one cannot help but wonder if our implicit trust in the benefits of computer usage is not a misguided result of a well financed PR campaign. Looking deeper into the crimes and other problems associated with computer dependency, it does seem like the use of computers encourages crimes against the economy and man. The first argument against the growing intrusion of computers into our private lives has to do with online privacy concerns. We are storing more and more personal information on the internet in order to access the services that we need. Everything from our full name to our social security number floats around in cyberspace, waiting for us to use the information. That is if the information is not hacked from the system and used by other people in our name. Computer hacking has become one of the greatest concerns for those of us who have become reliant on the internet and computers for the accomplishment of tasks such as paying for our bills and updating our medical records. Cybercrime has become such a high profile problem for our country that the highest echelons of homeland security have become part of the government forces trying to secure the internet by combating internet related crime (Bell, Josephine Computer Economics A Great Dependence with Explicit Consequences) . On a personal level, computers have been proven to be beneficial to our society as it has given people a venue by which they can freely air out their grievances and demand action from the political leaders. It has allowed the masses to become empowered even as dictator governments try to crack down on them and silence their voices. The advent of social media has ensured that every man will have a voice that can and will be heard across the globe. Thanks to computers, changes for the better were seen this past year in the Middle East. That is a good thing. The whole world saw their struggles and pitched in whenever they could in order to insure that change would indeed be effected for the benefit of many in that region of the world. Computers have seen to it that a new era has dawned upon our society. We now live in the age and time of computers. Due to the multitasking capabilities of computers, we have seen the machine take over various work roles that were originally deemed to be done only by human beings. The technological advancements in the world of business has resulted in the loss of jobs of people due to the more efficient ways and means that computers manage to execute tasks. The loss of jobs to technological advancements have resulted in the fast changing pace and face of our society in the 21st century. These advancements were not all positive and neither were they all negative in the way that the existence of social networks have changed the way we interact with one another. The bad thing, is that the anonymit y that is offered by social media sites such as twitter and Facebook, has

LOREAL BUILDING A GLOBAL COSMETIC BRAND. Pages 644- 651 of your main Case Study - 1

LOREAL BUILDING A GLOBAL COSMETIC BRAND. Pages 644- 651 of your main text Ghauri and Cateora text book (2010) - Case Study Example L’Oreal has managed to penetrate the market deeper because of the strength of its brand. Mostly, it is its association with top models and proper marketing that has aided the company to fly high. Amid strong competitive environment, L’Oreal has fully engrossed in one line of product production to achieve quality. Unlike its competitors who have diversified, L’Oreal has only opted to stay fixed to one line of production. Branding is a major asset of a company and through it; a company can either achieve market or financial advantage (Jayachandran 2004). A brand can be defined as a name which influences buyers. Throughout its entire period in the market L’Oreal has managed to grab the attention of customers. At the display of its products customers are easily evoked to make a purchase. L’Oreal has adopted a method of saliency, differentiation and intensity to market its products globally. Being an attention driven economy brand campaign is a requirement, bringing to the fore the major attributes of the product aids the sale of that product; these are the mechanisms which L’Oreal has incorporated in its strategy (Cant 2006). L’Oreal’s brand has been a certitude and risk reducer in the market. Each moment a customer comes across these products they feel contended about the quality and use of them. L’Oreal’s product images portray a quality and functional product which is essentially attractive in the eyes of the customers. It is these appealing techniques which have spurred the growth of this company. A clear observation at the taglines of the company is a sign that its planning mechanisms are up to date; ‘because you are worth it’. These Cathy taglines are what pull customers continually to remain loyal in the company’s products. It gives a sense of caring and concern to customers in the market (Little & Marandi 2003) The logo chosen by the company is a simple and easily interpreted

International Human Resource Management Term Paper

International Human Resource Management - Term Paper Example HR has come a long way from its traditional role of personnel management to being considered the strategic partner of the organization. Today HR plays a proactive role in taking the initiatives and concentrating on the deliverables. HR is involved not only in the implementation of strategy but also in strategy formulation. HR is now considered one of the sources of competitive advantage for the company. Although the role and importance of HR is not debatable any more but in practice its role varies not only from company to company but also from country to country. This paper will discuss international human resource management and its various approaches with special reference to Spain. The aim of this paper is to study the institutional context that shapes and influences HRM in Spain. Different laws related to HRM, education and training system, employer organizations, trade union organization, collective bargaining structures, company governance arrangements and its impacts on HRM w ill be discussed here. A case study of a Spanish organization will also be discussed to study various practices and activities of HR. Historical Background of HRM in Spain Although human capital has always been important but recently the importance of human capital with comparison to capital, raw material, land and even technology has increased a lot. It is believed now that in this global world the key to success is having a better human capital than your competitors. It is difficult to obtain and control positive contributions from the employees hence efforts are made to make an environment that ensures voluntary flow of such employee behavior. The concept of Human resource management (HRM) has followed the same path which international HRM has followed moving from personnel management to strategic HRM. The development of HRM in Spain can be better understood if the developments are studied in the chronological order. The history of Spanish HRM can be divided into five periods. HR M during the Franco regime, (1950-9) marked by clerk autarchy The economic crises and political transition, Human Relations (1960-76) Development planning From the economic crises to economic recovery, labor relations (1977-85) conflicts and agreements HRM in today’s Spain In the period of clerk autarchy the main focus was on bureaucracy. HR was restricted to the daily management of data and ensuring working according to the pre-established rules and regulations. It was the era of personnel management. The purpose of the personnel management was to make employee’s comply with the rules and regulations of the business. Spain has seen different labor conditions during its development. The first form was the personnel management where foreman was assigned the role of personnel manager but in a very restricted form. The second phase was of the economic crises and political transition. It is marked by human resource development planning. In this phase the shift was towards technocracy. The qualified employees were given importance through various incentives for enhancing performance, training and development programs, appropriate selection process accompanied by adequate salary scales classified according to the service. Here the personnel management role of HR was to ensure that employees adapt according

Development of the Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale

Development of the Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ) is an eighty-two items measure, divided into five clinical components (Kroenke, Spitzer Williams, 2001). PHQ is used to assess mood, anxiety, somatoform inclination, alcoholism and disorders related to eating habits. PHQ is found to be beneficial in primary care settings because of the early screening and detection the disorder. Responses ranging from â€Å"not at all to nearly every day† and score from 0 to 3 points. Respondents asked to mark his/her feelings they gone through by the past two weeks. PHQ has three shorter versions; one with nine items derived from the original version called Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale-9 (PHQ-9), eight items and two item versions are called PHQ-8 (Kroenke, Strine, Spitzer, Williams, Berry Mokdad, 2008)and PHQ-2 respectively. Zung Depression Inventory (Zung, 1965) is a 20 items self-rating depression inventory for diagnosis depression in psychiatric settings. Where, 20 items divided into 10 negative statements and 10 positive statements, included affective, somatic and psychological symptoms of depression. The response format ranged from 1 (a little of the time) to 4 (most of the time) points scale and the diagnostic scores divide into category of four. Scores ranging between 20-80 points, where, less than50 regarded normal, less than 60 as having mild depression, less than 70 as having major depression, while 70 and above regarded as severe major depression. Besides the adolescents and adult depression measures, there was a need to have measures for assessing depression in geriatric people. There is not much work done on this issue. Depression is not a process of aging, though somewhat people affected by it in their late life. The reason could be retirement from jobs, impairment in daily routine, cognitive functioning, and decreased quality of life (Blazer, 2009). Among other measure of depression available, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is uses commonly in hospitals and by other health care professionals (Yesavage, Brink, Rose, Lum, Huang, Adey Leirer, 1983). GDS is developed by Yesavage (1982) in a dichotomous yes/no format, has two measures one is long form consisting 30-item questionnaire, while other is short form consisting 15-item questionnaire. GDS assessed the intensity of depression, participant felt in the preceding week (Greenberg, 2007). Children depression scales are significant components of assessing depression and their mental health. Children’s self-report measures of depression are relatively newer addition although fastest emerging in clinical psychology because of the importance of the issue. Weinberg Depression Scale for Children and Adolescents (WDSCA) is a 56 items, dichotomous response format measure developed for assessing depression in children and adolescent aged 5-21 years. Another commonly used questionnaire is Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Modified for Children (CES-DC) is a derivation of adult CES-D. CES-DC is a 20 items measure with the same statements although the wordings related to children’s level of comprehension (Faulstich, Carey Ruggiero, Enyart Gresham, 1986). One more measure for addressing depressive symptoms in terms of behavior and feelings in childrens is Childrens Depression Scale (CDS)-3rd Ed. CDS is a 50 item scale developed for the childrens 7 to 18 years of age. CDS has two depression and pleasure scales with separate forms for boys and girls (Poznannski, Cook Carroll, 1979). Multi-score Depression Inventory for Children (MDI-C) is developed for childrens age ranging between 8-12years. MDI-C is 79-items original scale and 47-items short version with true/false response format. MDI-C addressed children’s mood, affect, behavior, self-esteem, social interaction, defiance, and learned helplessness. Moreover there is another children inventory developed named Child Depression Inventory (CDI). CDI is an extension of BDI, with 27 items and 10 items scale for children and adolescents. The age is ranged between 7-17 years. CDI covers broad spectrum of child’s behavior, emotional problems in home and school living for preceding 2 weeks. Likewise, Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) developed by Angold Costello (1987) assess the child’s recent feelings and affect. MFQ is a 33-items long form and 13-items short form, and score ranging between 0 (not true) to 2 (true) points. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Use of self administered diagnostic tool for depression has been increased these days as a quick and reliable step in measuring depression for accurate treatment regimen in patients with chronic illnesses. An analytical approach employed in the development of the Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale (DCIS) i.e. the item selection and the method of assessing the individual’s level of Depression was based on a theory. In the case of present scale the theory was that of Beck’s (1967). The theory holds that cognitive distortions, dysfunctional beliefs and negative thoughts about an experience are responsible for having depression (Compass Gotlib, 2002). Mental and behavioral problems interlinked and begin because of the negatively twisted thinking processes. Furthermore, depression has four major components that are affective, cognitive, behavioral and biological. The present study carried out in two phases, where the first phase involved in development of the DCIS scale whilst second phase in validation of the newly developed scale. Phase I Development of the Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale The development of scale involved following steps: Step 1: In-depth interview with chronically ill patients from various hospitals, view-points of health professionals and people from different community settings. Participants: Three different samples were taken for this step in which 30 participants (20 females and 10 males) of health professionals, 30 people (15 females and 15 males) from different community settings and 30 chronically ill patients (13 females and 17 males) from various hospitals of Karachi were recruited as respondents. Procedure: Health care professionals: 30 (20 females and 10 males) health care professionals (e.g. doctors, psychologists nurses) were approached. Their age ranged between 25-40 years. Initially a brief verbal presentation was given them about purpose of the study. Then they were requested to provide their view points for depression that could be their observation or experience in their lives (Annexure A, English) and (Annexure B, Urdu). Following instruction was given along with two sheets of paper. â€Å"Depression isa mental state described by one’s feeling of sadness, loneliness, hopelessness, low self-esteem, and self-reproach†. They were allowed to express their views easily in any language i-e English or Urdu. People from community settings: 30 participants (15 females and 15 males) from different community settings i.e house wives, office workers, teachers and students from colleges and universities of Karachi were approached. Their age ranged from 18-45 years. Initially the reason of the study was extensively explained to them. Then they were requested to provide their view points about depression that could be their observation or experience in their lives (Annexure A, English) and (Annexure B, Urdu). Following instruction was given along with two sheets of paper. â€Å"Depression isa mental state described by one’s feeling of sadness, loneliness, hopelessness, low self-esteem, and self-reproach†. They were allowed to express their views easily in any language i-e English or Urdu. Chronically ill patients: 30 chronically ill patients (13females and 17 males) were approached from different hospitals of Karachi. Their age ranged between 28-48 years. They were extensively and clearly explained the purpose of study and the reason for interview to put them in ease. They were further explained about confidentiality. A semi-structured in-depth interview was done on each chronically ill patient individually that explored their perspective, cognitions, feelings and behaviors about their illness in general and specific situations of life. They were asked open-ended questions (Annexure C), such as â€Å"how are you feeling today?† Their responses were recorded for further analysis. Results: The information explored during semi-structured in-depth interview with patients was summarized and analyzed. The point of views provided by health professionals and people from different community settings used for content analysis. The data from patients, heath care professionals and people from different community settings was qualitatively analyzed and common and relevant content was retained and uncommon content discarded. Step 2: item writing and selection Initially pool of the items were generated through quantitative analysis by using the definitions provided by the chronically ill patients, health professionals and people from different community settings (step 1) Few items from established measures of depression such as Beck depression inventory (1967) were selected and those selected items were culturally relevant items as well. Primarily the selected items were translated in Urdu then included in the item pool (step 2). Before given the item pool to the experts for rating, the content of the items was closely scrutinized by the researcher and supervisor to find out major weaknesses. Omissions and inclusions according to their relevance in each component were made and repetitive items and ambiguous items were deleted. Then, to determine the construct validity of the final scale the panels of judges/psychologists were asked to scrutinize items of the scale keeping in focus the Beck model of Depression. Psychologists were given printed material on the theoretical model of Depression as proposed by Beck (1967), that explained briefly and precisely the three aspects of depression, along with few sample items from already developed scale of Beck depression Inventory. After giving the material on Beck’s (1967) theory they were requested to rate each item on a 1 to 5 rating scale according to its relevance in each of the three components (Annexure D). They were asked to give an item a score of 1 if it is not at all related to the component/concept in question and give a rating of 4 or 5 if the item seems to be highly related to the component/concept in question. The items that had an average rating of 4 and above were selected and the items that had rating below 4 were discarded. Psychologists were replied back with their expert perspective in an objective manner to rate the formulated items for each component of the scale. Finally selected items were reduced to 28 total items (Annexure E). Step 3: Pilot Study Sample: A pilot study carried out by using the judge’s and psychologist’s rated scale and with the purpose of to evaluate the adequacy of scale and to make needed alterations accordingly. The sample of 60 (31 males 29 females) chronically ill patients and they were conveniently selected from various hospitals of Karachi. The age ranges of participants were between 18 to 50 years. Procedure: A 28 itemed scale was administered (Annexure F) on the participants with a demographic form in which they asked to write their name, age, education and illness. Those participants selected for pilot study who can comprehend Urdu easily. Further they were required to identify vague, repetitive, and difficult to understand items. Result: Finally selected scale after pilot study reduced to 18 items (Annexure G). Item those were difficult to understand, and vague for majority of the participants were excluded. Step 4: factor analysis and item total correlation Sample: To find out factor analysis and item total correlation, final Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale (18 items) was administered on 270 (154 males, 116 females) chronically ill patients from various hospitals of Karachi. Their age ranged between 18- 50 years and they were conveniently selected. Procedure: Later than taking the written permission from hospital’s authorities, participants were explained about the details and purpose of the study along with a short demographic form, consent form (Annexure I) and final Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale. Only those participants were included who volunteer to participate thus they could self-report the questionnaire. They were then requested to choose the one option of all eighteen items on DCIS, about which they think most related to their feelings during past six months. The choice of options was from strongly agree, agree and disagree to strongly disagree. Phase II: Validation of Chronic Illnesses Scale The second phase involved in determining the newly developed scale’s psychometric properties. Item total correlation, alpha internal consistency, split half reliability and convergent validity was calculated Reliability Analysis Sample and procedure: For test re-tests reliability a sample consisted of 60 chronically ill patients (26 females, 34 males), age ranging from 18-50 years, recruited from various hospital of Karachi and for internal consistency analysis sample consisted of 270 chronically ill patients (103 males, 90 females) with the age range of 18-50 years from different hospitals of Karachi. The Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale was administered twice on participants at an interval of one week. Test re-tests reliability found out by computing Pearson r by using SPSS IBM version 22. Those participants comprehend easily the language of the scale were selected. For calculating internal consistency (item-total correlation inter-items correlation) Cronbach’s alpha was computed and for split half reliability all items were divided randomly into two equal sets, then split-half reliability estimated by the proportion between these two total scores. Validity Analysis To assess the convergent validity the two scales were administered along with DCIS on 100 chronically ill patients selected from various hospitals of Karachi, age ranging between 18 to 50 years. Only those participants were selected who were bilingual or easily comprehend English language. The two scales used for assessing convergent validity were, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD; Hamilton, 1960) Procedure: Participants were asked to complete the Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale with Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was used by the administrator. Measures: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) is a 20-item self-report rating scale that assesses mood, somatic complaints, interactions with others, and motor functioning. It’s a 4-point rating scale, scores ranges from 0-3 (rarely or none of the time=0, some or little of the time=1, occasionally or a moderate amount of time=2 and most or all of the time=3). The final score spans from 0 to 60, with a higher score indicating high intensity of depression. People with a final score of 16 or lower are identified as non-depressed; however, the higher are typically identified as a depressive ‘case’ (Annexure I). Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD; Hamilton, 1960) is a 17-item, multiple choice clinician/health professional’s observation rating scale, design to assess the severity of depression in terms of mood, somatic complains, work and activity, sleep and insight. It’s a type of semi structured interview. Score ranging from 0-52, where score more than 23 indicative of very high intensity of depression, 19-22 high intensity, 14-18 moderate intensity, 8-13 mild and lower than 8 indicative of no depression (Annexure J). Cut off Scores In order to find out classificatory indices of DCIS, quartile 1, quartile 3 and intra-quartile had been calculated of eighteen items of the scale i.e. mild, moderate and severe level of depression in patients with chronic illnesses. Result: After computing the eighteen items of DCIS, the classificatory indices of the scores are, 0-16.25 indicates minimal depression, 17-25 indicates mild depression, 25-33 indicates moderate depression and more than 33 points indicates severe level of depression. Operational Definitions: Depression: Depression generally a state of mood characterize by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy dejection and a despondent lack of activity. Depression causes changes in view, emotion, behavior, and physical well-being. It is a widespread, intricate and complicated disorder, (Horwath, 2004). Reliability: Reliability of a test is referring to the consistency of a test.A test is reliable when it produces consistent and steady results over time (Phelan, Wren, 2005). There are different types of reliability in which, test re-test reliability is a correlation between the scores of same group test at two different times on same test. This type of reliability uses to evaluate consistency of a test over time. Inter-rater reliability achieved by given a test to more than one judges for rating. The ratings then compare to establish the consistency of a test. Internal consistency reliability is correlation between items of the same test. Split half reliability is correlation between two halves of one test to assess the internal consistency of a test. Parallel-forms reliability is measured by comparing the correlation of scores of two different tests used for assessing same construct. These two tests administered at same time on same sample Validity: Validity is one of the basic attributes of a test. Validity is a degree to which a test is measure what claims to measure (Cronbach, 1971). A test would be considered valid when it efficiently measures the specific characteristic that it means to be measure. There are four common types of estimation validity. Predictive validity is referring to the accuracy that how well a test guesses the future performance. The usual method is use to measure the approach to predict the future behavior solely on the basis of obtained scores. Criterion related validity used to predict future or current performance on a test. Content validity is referring to the extent to which how much a test represents every single item of the same construct. Construct validity refer to the extent to which a test measure a theoretical construct or attribute. Convergent and discriminant validity are two type of construct validity in which construct validity refers to which a test positively correlate with other measu re of same construct while discriminant validity refer to a test does not correlate with other measure of different construct (Campbell Fisk, 1959a).

High-Tech Education

Using high technology methods in the process of education is a serious matter that a lot of people argue about it, some agree and the others disagree with it. Although it provides the education with a lot of futures that makes it better than the past. It also has some disadvantages that reflect on this process. But they think that old methods that were applied in the classrooms have more benefits than that high tech ones. And some people also consider that these new technology may change the role of both student and teacher to be unlike as usual. One of its disadvantages according to the author's opinion is that it may also distract students and fragment their attention†¦. â€Å"Why am I against using technology in the classroom? Why do I ban laptops in my classroom?. This article by David Cole, a professor of Law at Georgetown University. Was published on 23 of October, 2008,In the Washington Post. The main claims that the author thinking about it may be summarized in some specific points like that he considers that by using these high tech methods in education like internet, laptops and blue ray DVD Players might actually hinder the education not making it better because they make both students and teachers or doctors passive. The author hopes that if classrooms are restored to the Pre-Internet days of wooden tables and chalk. This means taking technology out of the class room and back to â€Å"TEACHING NAKED†. By flying to the purpose of his we can mention that he totally disagrees with this new education system and he agrees strongly with the â€Å"TEACHING NAKED†. Without the aid of any machines just because Dr Jose Bowen thinks that if you have a good PowerPoint presentation it does not mean you have a good lecture. Classroom time should be reserved for discussions with professors, aiming at teaching students to think critically, argue, and raise new questions. Then, by analyzing the author's opinion and his point of view, the pre-internet days of wooden tables and chalk are the most suitable and useful way of learning and educating people because this old technique allows educators to think, work, exert efforts and teaching themselves and never forget what they had, always remember it during applying it in their aily life. Unlike the high-tech learning which provides easy way for learning and just reading not sharing at all, so he just receives the information not work or search for it. And the author provided his theory with slight strong evidences and reasons, than can Be summarized in the following explanation as, a survey that found that 59 percent of students called at least half their lectures boring –particularly those involving power point. Then , he thinks that â€Å"note taking on a laptop encourages verbatim transcription and the note taker tends to go into stenographic mode and no longer processes information in a way that is conducive to the give and take of classroom discussion because of taking notes the old fashioned way , by hand , is so much slower , the student actually has to listen , think and prioritize the most important themes . So as he thinks if one's idea of a lecture is a process by which the notes of the

Race Without Color Essay

In this article written by Jared Diamond entitled â€Å"Race Without Color†, he explains about the difference of race in humanity and how humans should not be classified that way because there are too many variations. Depending on how a person looks, they would be put into a certain race categories such as â€Å"African blacks,† â€Å"whites,† â€Å"Mongoloids,† â€Å"aboriginal Australians†, and â€Å"Khoisans.† However, this classification of humans only affect how we view others; it does not involve our senses or who we are as a person. This can be discriminating. Anthropologists believe that humans should not be classified into a particular race. There are other ways to group humans, such as natural selection, sexual preferences, and fingerprints. Diamond goes on to explain how confusion may come up in classifications. In the human race, people in different races are visibly different. This also holds true in the animal world. He gives the example of a common bird, the yellow-rumped warbler. The bird’s throat color in the west is yellow and in the east is white. They have different songs and environmental preferences yet have the same name. Racial classification for these two birds is simple; the color of their throat, song, and their environment. However, their differences in these areas lead to different varied offspring. Some traits in animals alternate because of natural selection. Natural selection has to do with the survival in a particular environment. For example the hare who is white to blend in with snow so that it is invisible to predators. As humans, we live all over the world in different areas and climates. We have traits brought out by natural selection to adapt to the area we live in. Our skin color, body type, height, and hair color all play a role in the environment we live in. Thus is why race is not always a good way to describe cultural differences in humans. If we were to classify the human race by this different criteria, it would produce different groupings. Racial classifications are not a good way to describe biological differences in humans. If we were to classify races by body chemistry, it would be different than races defined by the color of our skin. When it comes to skin color, it plays a role in the climate. People look a certain way in certain parts of the world so that they can survive in that particular environment. For example, someone with very light skin would not do well in an environment with a lot of sun. Other traits have to do with sexual selection are our hair, eye color, and other beauty traits play a role in sexual preference. In America today, we don’t dye or hair or change our appearance to survive. It’s to become more sexually attractive. Science does not play a part in racial classification, but the way our body reacts to someone does. There is another way to classify humans and that is by fingerprint. To do this, everyone with the same pattern would be grouped together. However, fingerprints have nothing to do with survival. Fingerprints also have nothing to do with sexual preferences. There is no real function to a person’s fingerprint. There are certain traits in humans that play a function such as the color of our skin for survival. Others have no function such as fingerprints. Particular traits play a role in sexual preference, such as eye color or hair color. Science does not play a role in racial classification, but attraction does. Our body can tell us if we are attracted to someone or not. People now are more varied in appearance. Now, it is unnecessary to rank people with many difference appearances into a racial classification.

Learn About the Difference Between Corporate Ownership and Management

Learn About the Difference Between Corporate Ownership and Management Today, many large corporations have a great number of owners. In fact, a  major company may be owned by a million or more people. These owners are generally called shareholders. In the case of a public company with a great number of these shareholders, a majority may  hold fewer than 100 shares of stock each. This widespread ownership has given many Americans a direct stake in some of the nations biggest companies. By the mid-1990s, more than 40% of U.S. families owned common stock, either directly or through mutual funds or other intermediaries. This scenario is a far cry from the corporate structure of but one hundred years ago  and marks a great shift in the concepts of corporation ownership versus management. Corporation Ownership Versus Corporation Management The widely dispersed ownership of Americas largest corporations has to lead to a separation of the concepts of corporate ownership and control. Because shareholders generally cannot know and manage the full details of a corporations business (nor do many wish to), they elect a board of directors to make broad corporate policy. Typically, even members of a corporations board of directors and managers own less than 5% of the common stock, though some may own far more than that. Individuals, banks, or retirement funds often own blocks of stock, but even these holdings generally account for only a small fraction of the total of the companys stock. Usually, only a minority of board members are operating officers of the corporation. Some directors are nominated by the company to give prestige to the board, others to provide certain skills or to represent lending institutions. For these very reasons, it is not unusual for one person to serve on several different corporate boards at the same time. Corporate Board of Directors and Corporate Executives While corporate boards are elected to direct corporate policy, those boards typically delegate day-to-day management decisions to a chief executive officer (CEO), who may also operate as the boards chairman or president. The CEO supervises other corporate executives, including a number of vice presidents who oversee various corporate functions and divisions. The CEO will also oversee other executives like the chief financial officer (CFO), the chief operating officer (COO), and the chief information officer (CIO). The position of CIO is by far the newest executive title to American corporate structure. It was first introduced in the late 1990s as high technology became a crucial part of U.S. business affairs. The Power of the Shareholders As long as a CEO has the confidence of the board of directors, he or she is generally permitted a great deal of freedom in running and management of the corporation. But sometimes, individual and institutional stockholders, acting in concert and with the backing of dissident candidates for the board, can exert enough power to force a change in management. Other than these more extraordinary circumstances, shareholders participation in the company whose stock they hold is limited to annual shareholder meetings. Even so, generally only a few people attend annual shareholder meetings. Most shareholders vote on the election of directors and important policy proposals by proxy, that is, by mailing in election forms. In recent years, however, some annual meetings have seen more shareholders- perhaps several hundred- in attendance. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires corporations to give groups challenging management access to mailing lists of stockholders to present their views.

Ford essays

Ford essays They can start out as simple as a dream, or a sketch on a napkin during lunch. But by the time you see them, vehicles from Ford Motor Company have been designed and tested to look and perform their best. Here are some stories that chronicle that process. From the Model T to the latest futuristic designs, the engineers at Ford have a long history of design innovation. Here you can get a glimpse of some of the latest visions of the cars of the future. Keeping up to date with current technology is essential to ensuring reliability and safety. See how Ford puts cutting edge developments to work on important issues like Y2K compliance. All great innovations begin with a strong commitment to research. Meet the people behind some of our better ideas and visit places like the Ford Research Laboratory, where exciting new strides are being made in the technology that drives your car. Ford's commitment to the latest research and technology is evident in the cars you see on the road today. Find out more about the cars you want to drive. Innovative solutions to keep you safe and secure. Of all the things we transport in our vehicles, the most important are our children. See what Ford is doing to help keep them safe. Learning to drive remains one of the biggest rites-of-passage for our youth. Read about some of the ways Ford is helping to train the next generation of drivers. When used correctly, they're one of the best safety devices on your vehicle. This section will answer a lot of your questions and explain how air bags work. Buckling up and making sure kids are properly restrained in the rear seat are two important ways you can help keep everyone safe. Here are some other ways Ford is helping to do the same. Dedicated to providing ingenious environmental solutions ...

The Rise of E-Business in the Music Industry (I like this topic Term Paper

The Rise of E-Business in the Music Industry (I like this topic because Im a Musician) - Term Paper Example Management information systems store and organize data such that useful analysis can be done on it for the betterment of the respective e-business company. 1. Introduction The advent of computers has caused an effect on almost every walk of life. The technological advancement has created many opportunities in numerous fields, ranging from medicine to education, travel to business. The field of business has seen revolutionary changes that have made it more structured and accessible. The invention of e-commerce or e-business has given the organizations an excellent opportunity to access millions of consumers on the web. SearchCIO.com, (2010) explained that e-business can be defined as the conduct of business by means of the incorporation of technology; it also refers to the buying or selling of products and services on the internet. E-business has made its place in a diverse range of areas for example, book stores, hotel booking, airline tickets, movies and music etc. E-business has no t only provided convenience to the consumer but it has also generated new avenues for the organizations to earn profits since it tends to reach a greater market segment than the conventional mode of business. 2. Overview The 20th century witnessed the evolution of different types of formats of music. The long playing (LP) record albums were famous and adapted by people for many years. A gramophone was needed to play the records. Then, the music lovers saw the advent of cassettes that could be played in comparatively smaller players. The size of the cassettes was smaller than the records therefore it was considered to be more manageable by the people. Cassettes became the main source of revenue for the music companies between the 1970s and 1990s. Later in 1990s, the invention of compact discs (CDs) improved the quality of music and became a new source of income for the music companies. The quality of sound improved with the invention of the CD therefore that technology started gainin g more fame than cassettes. The advent of the 21st century brought an unexpected change for the music business. It was a new music format that did not depend on any physical device like a cassette or CD- MP3. MP3 format could be saved in any computing device thereby changing conventional form of music to digital music. 3. Negative side of Digital Music The concept of digital music took a negative turn in 1999 when a young man named Shawn Fanning created the platform of ‘Napster’. According to Greenfeld, Taylor and Thigpen (2000); Napster was a file sharing platform that allowed the users to share files amongst each other on the internet. Instant messaging and search options were some of the features that allowed the users to find their desired music on the web. This platform gave the users an opportunity to listen to music without any expense. It is due to this reason that Napster became very famous and starting harming the music companies to a great extent. It was a ce ntralized platform which became the reason for its downfall. Olsen (2003) provided the information that Universal Music Group and EMI filed a suit against Napster for the illegal downloads that were allowed under the respective technology. The website was shutdown in the early years of the 21st century and stopped piracy of digital music. This was a big step for the music label companies as they were able to put a stop to a huge

Corporate strategy of pirelli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate strategy of pirelli - Essay Example It is a pioneer in the field of rubber related industries. It has perused expansions in tire and telecom industry both vertically and horizontally. Pirelli generated tremendous employment opportunities ever since its inception. Even in 1872 it employed close to one thousand people, an indication of the economic contributions, since their inception. Pirelli’s growth ensured economic prosperity not only in Italy but also in other parts of the World. Pirelli expanded its business and spread prosperity by increasing the GDP of the nation’s it operates. Developed nations were more than interested to avail the services of Pirelli as it would bring economic prosperity to their nations. When an organization wants to expand, it can pursue growth strategies. Some of the growth strategies are a) Expansion through integration b) Expansion through diversification c) Expansion through cooperation. Pirelli’s expansion plans consisted of all the above mentioned options. Integration basically means combining activities on the basis of the value chain related to the present activity of the company. From rubber sheets, belts, slabs, and vulcanized products initially to making of two wheeler and four wheeler tires is an example of their vertical forward integration. Pirelli was also seen making rapid progress in its horizontal integration. Pirelli was a pioneer in diversification of its businesses. In fact, integrating in the lines of the existing business it self is an act of concentric diversification. Apart from that Pirelli started growing geographically at a rapid, yet in a systematic manner. Pirelli’s internationalization started from the beginning of 1900 onwards. Its expansion to Barcelona in Spain was followed by a similar venture in Britain in 1914, and by 1920 factories had also been set up in Brazil, Greece, Argentina, Turkey, and German is a fact of Pirelli’s clinical approach towards internationalization of their businesses. Initiatives were also made