The Definition and Purpose of the Zero Article

In English grammar, the term  zero article  refers to an occasion in speech or writing where a noun or noun phrase is not preceded by an article (a, an, or the). The zero article is also known as the  zero determiner. In general, no article is used with proper nouns, mass nouns where the reference is indefinite, or plural count nouns where the reference is indefinite. Also, no article is generally used when referring to means of transport (by plane) or common expressions of time and place (at midnight, in jail). In addition, linguists have found that in  regional varieties of English known as New Englishes,  omitting an article is often done to express non-specificity. Examples of the Zero Article In the following examples, no article is used before the italicized nouns. My mothers name is Rose. I gave her a rose on  Mothers Day.Every mile is two in winter.This plant grows in  sandy soil and on the edges of swamps.David Rockefeller was authorized to hold the position of director of the Council on Foreign Relations. The Zero Article in American and British English In American and British English, no article is used before words such as  school, college, class, prison  or  camp  when these words are used in their institutional sense. The students start school in the fall.College provides opportunities for students to learn and meet new people. However, some nouns that are used with definite articles in American English are not used with articles in British English. When I was in the hospital, I often wished there were fewer hours in the day.[American English]When Elizabeth was in  hospital, she was occasionally visited by her parents.[British English] The Zero Article With Plural Count Nouns and Mass Nouns In the book English Grammar, Angela Downing writes that the loosest and therefore most frequent type of generic statement is that expressed by the zero article with plural  count nouns  or with  mass nouns. Count nouns are those that can form a plural, such as dog or cat. In their plural form, count nouns are sometimes used without an article, especially when they are referred to generically. The same is true when the noun is plural but of indefinite number. Dogs love to run around outside.The boy loves to play with toys. Mass nouns are those that cannot be counted, such as air or sadness. They also include nouns that are not usually counted but that can be counted in some situations, such as water or meat. (These nouns can be counted using certain measurements, such as some or much.) Clean air is important for a healthy environment.The man was overcome by sadness when he lost his home. Sources Cowan, Ron.  The Teachers Grammar of English: a Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2011.Downing, Angela.  English Grammar. Routledge, 2006.Platt, John T., et al.  The New Englishes. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.

Free English Classes at USA Learns

USA Learns is an online program for Spanish-speaking adults interested in learning to read, speak, and write in English.   It was created by the U.S. Department of Education in cooperation with the Sacramento County Office of Education (SCOE) and the Project IDEAL Support Center at the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research. How Does USALearns Work? USAlearns uses many multimedia tools that allow learners to read, watch, listen, interact, and even practice conversation online. The program includes modules on each of the following topics: SpeakingVocabularyGrammarPronunciationListeningReadingWritingLife Skills in English In each module, you will watch videos, practice listening, and record your own voice speaking English. You will also be able to: Listen to the correct pronunciation of wordsListen to sentences and check your understandingRecord your voice to be sure you are speaking correctly Youll also be able to actually practice conversations with a video-based person in real-world situations. For example, youll be able to practice answering questions, asking for help, and making conversation. There is no limit to the number of times you can practice the same conversation. What You Need to Know About Using USALearns You must register to use USALearns. Once you register, the program will keep track of your work. When you log on, the program will know where you left off and where you should start. The program is free, but it does require access to a computer. If you want to use the talk-back and practice features of the program, you will also need a microphone and a quiet place in which to practice. When you complete a section of the program, you will have to take a test. The test will tell you how well you did. If you feel you could do better, you can go back, review the content, and take the test again. Pros and Cons of USALearns Why USALearns is worth trying: Its absolutely free!It uses well-regarded teaching tools that are used in school settingsIt allows you to learn in different ways -- by listening, reading, watching, and practicingThere is no one watching, so if you make a mistake you will not be embarrassedIf you need to repeat something, you can do so as often as you likeThe program allows you to practice real-world vocabulary and situations Drawbacks to USALearns: Like all web-based programs, it can only teach you what it is programmed to teach. If you want to learn skills or language not included in the program, you will have to go elsewhere.The program does not include new or unexpected situations.There are advantage to working with real people who can help you with particular challenges you may face Should You Try USALearns? Because it is free, there is no risk to trying the program. You will certainly learn something from it, even if you still need to take additional ESL classes from live teachers. Learn ESL Through MovementHow to Learn a New Language on the InternetLearning New Languages with Cartoons

What Attributes Of An Effective Mentor / Preceptor Did...

Mentorship/precentorship essay What attributes of an effective mentor/preceptor did this person demonstrate? Good mentor-mentee relationships are a two way street; as a result, if you want the relationship to flourish, both the mentor and the mentee must be able to work together harmoniously. This requires a genuine interest between both parties and a willingness to undertake whatever is needed to be able to fulfil the learning requirements. The mentee must be open to following suggestions and recommendations made by the mentor as well as taking initiative by keeping up to date with best practices and showing that they are committed to becoming successful in their career and taking their responsibilities seriously I felt that my mentor and I developed a good relationship right from our initial meeting that was based on mutual respect, trust and understanding. I believe my mentor possessed certain attributes that made her excel as a good mentor some of these traits included being supportive, helpful, experienced and knowledgeable, she was enthusiastic about her role and she was committed to providing me with the support, guidance and any learning material needed to enhance my knowledge and further my career goals. My mentor provided me with both positive and negative feedback and opportunities for me to discuss and clarify whatever I was having difficulty with she was always there to help. She instilled conï ¬ dence, motivation, and an overall sense of empowerment with any taskShow MoreRelatedmentorship reflection2900 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ This is my reflective account of my performance as a mentor in a clinical setting, assessing the learning environment and the strategies used for teaching and assessing a newly qualified theatre nurse. The purpose of this essay is to reflect upon aspects of my professional practice and development that I have encountered during my time as a student mentor. This reflective essay shall be written in the first person, In accordance with the NMC (2002) Code Of Professional Conduct, ConfidentialityRead MoreReflections in Nursing3087 Words   |  13 PagesPaper on Various Nursing Roles Introduction As an individual reaches the stage where they come to a decision about what they want to be in life, they must look deep inside themselves. They have to reflect on what is important to them and what makes them happy. In addition, one must take into consideration the resources that are available to help the person reach their goal. In this paper, I intend to share my reflections on why I chose to become a nurse as well as and why I decided to obtain a

To His Coy Mistress and Beggar Women Essay Example For Students

To His Coy Mistress and Beggar Women Essay The two poems I am studying are To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and The Beggar Woman by William King. To His Coy Mistress looks at the attitudes one man holds towards his girlfriends unwillingness to have sex with him. The poems main aim is to persuade. The Beggar Woman conveys one mans ideas on prostitution and sex. He seems to think sex has no consequences. Although both poems discuss sex, both give very different views, on and surrounding the topic. The poems are strongly influenced by religious views that were held at that time. To His Coy Mistress conveys the love one man has for his girlfriend and how he wants to make their love complete by having sex. Marvell uses two main tactics in his poem to convince her. At first Marvell writes using romance to try and persuade his girlfriend to have sex with him. He uses sentences like I would love you ten years before the flood this suggests that he would love her even before the world began it also introduces religion into the poem which is probably one of the reasons his girlfriend wont have sex with him. By Marvell writing about religion it would make his reasoning seem more acceptable to his girlfriend. Marvell writes that she can go to the Ganges and collect rubies and he would stay by the Humber and wait for her to return. Rubies are a romantic rock that symbolise love which is probably why he decided to use them as an example. Also if one of them wanted to do something individually he thinks it would be fine because they would know that they would eventually be together and they wouldnt be wasting their life away. This is very convincing as Marvell is trying to understand her point but introduce her to a different way of thinking at the same time. He also writes two hundred years to adore each breast this shows that if he had all the time in the world he would wait and spend his time adoring each part of her body. This makes the girl secure feels and loved. Marvell uses metaphors such as, my vegetable love should grow vaster than empires and more slow. I think Marvell uses this metaphor to tell her that if he had more time, he would nurture her and care for her just like you would a vegetable or plant. Up to this point Marvell writes as if life lasted for infinity, from here it changes and he puts a time limit to things as he says, and at the last age should you show your heart which means after he had finished adoring her and they had both done what they had to do, then they could settle down and talk about how much they love each other. The next tactic Marvell uses is to scare her into doing things. Marvell starts to talk about death using metaphors such as times winged chariot hurrying near, this suggests that Marvell can feel death creeping up on him, and he feels its always around him. Although he is trying to scare her, he is letting his desperation show through which makes him seem quite vulnerable. He writes thy beauty shall not be found which means she will no longer be young and beautiful but old and ugly and much less attractive, this will probably make the girlfriend worried about becoming older, and worried that when she is ready to have sex, she will be too ugly for him to want her anymore. .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 , .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 .postImageUrl , .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 , .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02:hover , .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02:visited , .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02:active { border:0!important; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02:active , .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02 .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c805a02b34ed2a1fca278b3f92a3a02:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sister Poems EssayMarvell then starts to really try and scare her writing things like nor in my marble vault shall sound my echoing song: then worms shall try that long-preserved virginity this means that while the girl is dead and lying in her coffin worms will take her virginity away. This would shock and disgust the girlfriend, which is the exact effect that Marvell wants to create, it would perhaps convince her to have sex before it was too late. Marvell begins to end by saying so while were young, we still have time and can still have sex, why dont we? Marvell writes rather at once our time devour this means we should get the most out of the time weve got. To eventually finish Marvell says thus, though we cannot make our sun stand still, yet we can still make him run. This means, we cant really stop the sun, but while its still moving around the world we may as well enjoy it. I think this ending is really effective because it sums up Marvells point really effectively, and would remain in the girlfriends mind even after reading the poem. It is important to sum up what he is trying to say at the end in case some of his points heave been forgotten. Ending with a sentence like this introduces the aim of the poem back into the girls mind. The second poem I have been studying is called Beggar Woman. This tells the story of one supposed gentleman and his talk with a prostitute. The first sentence William king writes is a gentleman in hunting rode astray. At first you are made to think that while he and some other people were out hunting he has got purposely lost, but if you analyse this sentence closer, it could also mean, that by doing what he is about to do he has morally gone astray. The man has very stone age views about woman and talks about her as a piece of meat, this just shows his ignorance and helps build up to the ending, by making the audience want him to receive some type of punishment. The man suggests they go into the woods; as a result the readers receive the impression that he is the initiator of the whole thing and therefore the readers start to believe he should receive punishment for his behaviour. Already the audience are bias towards the prostitute. King writes he ambles on before, she trots behind this conveys who has the power at the time and who is more desperate for them to have sex. This is clever of the prostitute as she is portraying herself to the audience and to the man, that she is unaffected by the whole situation, but already slightly vulnerable. The words amble and trot are really effective, it shows who has the control, the fact that the way the woman walks is called amble, portrays the image of someone who is frail and unable to look after herself. The manner of which the man walks is named trot, this gives the idea that he knows his place in the world; he is a gentleman with a powerful walk. After a while the man becomes cocky and overly confident that he has got the prostitute and will be able to have sex with her. We know this as it says then thinks the squire, I have the matter sure. This is amusing to the reader the second time it is read as, the man is so ignorant and cant even see whats about to happen, the reader wants something to happen to the man just to teach him a lesson. .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd , .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd .postImageUrl , .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd , .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd:hover , .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd:visited , .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd:active { border:0!important; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd:active , .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue79d0681caade956cf3592e872b66bcd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare and Contrast the ways in which the poets EssayThe woman starts to make excuses about not sitting down first she jokes saying sitting s not in my usual trade, then she says I might perhaps break more backs than my own. We then realise that she has a baby attached to her back, the man notices this and says to lie it down, not caring whether it cries. He still doesnt seem to realise the consequences of having sex, even though a consequence is staring him in the face. All this makes the audience want to know what is going to happen, and wonder why she doesnt want to sit down. The woman says Mighty well, sir. Oh lord! If tied to you, this sentence is really over the top and makes the reader aware that something isnt right. This is a good effect, as it also makes the reader curious and makes them want to continue reading. She ties the baby to the man with haste, so he doesnt realises what is happening and says goodbye and tells him that she trusts him with her child. The reader becomes confused and then realises what has happened, the reader is satisfied with the results as it teaches the man the consequences of sex. The end contains a twist as early on we were given the idea that the man had the upper hand and was the more powerful one out of the two of them, but at the end the power has switched, the woman is in control, and for a change the man has to live with the consequences of sex. Although both poems discuss sex both are also very different. To His Coy Mistress has a very rigid pattern with four feet tetrameter lines, while Beggar Woman is less rigid, and there isnt much structure in the poem. To His Coy Mistress is in first person narrator so we assume Marvell is writing about his own experiences, but Beggar Woman is written in third person and it tells us a story. Also the themes in each poem are different e. g. The Beggar Woman is about, different views on prostitution, power in society between sexes and the consequences of sex, while To His Coy Mistress main theme is carpe diem which means seize the day. There are three main similarities, men want sex, both men are refused sex and in both poems the women are in control and hold all the power. To His Coy Mistress main aim is to persuade the woman. The Beggar Womans main aim is to tell us a story, although the poems are about a similar topic the ways in which the topics are presented are very different. I prefer to his coy mistress as the structure and the rhyming couplets are a lot more effective.

Are We Too Dependent on Computers Essays - Distance Education

Are We Too Dependent on Computers? Shania Woodard ENGL 1133 Comp ll Prairie View AM University Professor Dixon July 21, 2018 ABSTRACT This paper is to exam the arguments between the advantage and disadvantage of the topic. The essay represents the ability of American psychological association (APA) on the potential of the argumentative topic of society being control or attach to technology. Most of the research prior to David Correll and Karehka Ramey focus on the connection between good and bad. Ramey prior more to the advantage and disadvantage of the claims. By identifying the cause and effect of technology use, giving backup supported sources. The study provides an amount of efficiency and effectiveness to the topic, which will be determining to a conclusive response. Understanding the concept of the technology, the author will show they claim and supported the search of the article. In this Analysis will concentrate on the importance of the pros and cons of computers by using each article as evidence as proof studies and see whether society depends on them. Has Society become too dependent on Technology? Today's society has lost what it means to think for itself, for us humans have become too dependent on technology. Humanity can no longer think calculate nor solve for themselves because our first instinct is to grab our laptop or phones and start googling. Christian Lous Lange once said, "Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master." Technology is a good use to education and helping student upscale they knowledge. With the help of computers, the internet helps many people stay in contact, and get the thing done quickly. Sadly, people use this tremendous tool, to get the thing done the easy way (Debate.org). In the 21 century, society has become a lack of personal interaction, less active, the obsession with technology, and child obesity is being a concern. According to Correll (2015), tell us a study of people are asking about the reliability of computers this world had being obsess too. "About 77% of society believe that humanity depends on technology to be successful in life. Thirty decades ago, 90% of children use to play outside while getting fresh air. Nowadays 75% of children play video games, and computer game" (para 4). Even though Computer has been a great advantage to the society, there is quite a disadvantage along the way with the great cause. Technology has improved intensification production in the market industry and helps expand businesses to reach its target client at a lower cost. For example, "small business like growing plants can speed up by using a mechanical machine to fertilizer the growth process faster. At the same time, they can target their client who is looking for an affordable low price" (Ramey, 2012). But when it comes to time, the small business owner usually finds a way to make the budget work. Hiring manual labor won't be needed in most cases and some people will be jobless (Ramey, 2012). Social media has made an impact on society to re-interact with one another without having to face direct confrontation. Technology simplified communication. Such as Skype or Facetime on iPhone, the internet becoming a cheap and easy way to communicate for free (Ramey, 2012). Another example, children who post on social media on a regular basis has become a hobby. Using social media in school and colleges encourage the student to boost their social contact. Smythe (2014) believe the motive behind these kids are gauging popularity in term of the virtual friend he or she has (para 8). Conversation is now viewed as a skill today, which citizens should not have to avoid encounter contact because of their dependence on a cell phone, television, or computer (Correll, 2015). Since mobile phones were very popular in the modern day, technology has exposed numerous corrupt mishap. The bad side is people have conceived by inventing cookies that collect private data from the smartphone, computers, and use the data to advert related content. Meaning that the lack of people privacy has been invaded by smart devices (Ramey 2012). Computer and internet made education easier for student and teacher to access academic material throughout the day. Additionally, the student

How a Solid Propellant Rocket Works

How a Solid Propellant Rocket Works Solid propellant rockets include all of the older firework rockets, however, there are now more advanced fuels, designs, and functions with solid propellants. Solid propellant rockets were invented before liquid-fueled rockets. The solid propellant type began with contributions by scientists Zasiadko, Constantinov, and Congreve. Now in an advanced state, solid propellant rockets remain in widespread use today, including the Space Shuttle dual booster engines and the Delta series booster stages. How a Solid Propellant Functions Surface area is the amount of propellant exposed to interior combustion flames, existing in a direct relationship with thrust. An increase in surface area will increase thrust but will reduce burn-time since the propellant is being consumed at an accelerated rate. The optimal thrust is typically a constant one, which can be achieved by maintaining a constant surface area throughout the burn. Examples of constant surface area grain designs include: end burning, internal-core, and outer-core burning, and internal star core burning. Various shapes are used for the optimization of grain-thrust relationships since some rockets may require an initially high thrust component for takeoff while a lower thrust will suffice its post-launch regressive thrust requirements. Complicated grain core patterns, in controlling the exposed surface area of the rockets fuel, often have parts coated with a non-flammable plastic (such as cellulose acetate). This coat prevents internal combustion flames from igniting that portion of fuel, ignited only later when the burn reaches the fuel directly. Specific Impulse In designing the rockets propellant grain specific impulse must be taken into account since it can be the difference failure (explosion), and a successfully optimized thrust producing rocket. Modern Solid Fueled Rockets Advantages/Disadvantages Once a solid rocket is ignited it will consume the entirety of its fuel, without any option for shutoff or thrust adjustment. The Saturn V moon rocket used nearly 8 million pounds of thrust that would not have been feasible with the use of solid propellant, requiring a high specific impulse liquid propellant.The danger involved in the premixed fuels of monopropellant rockets i.e. sometimes nitroglycerin is an ingredient. One advantage is the ease of storage of solid propellant rockets. Some of these rockets are small missiles such as Honest John and Nike Hercules; others are large ballistic missiles such as Polaris, Sergeant, and Vanguard. Liquid propellants may offer better performance, but the difficulties in propellant storage and handling of liquids near absolute zero (0 degrees Kelvin) has limited their use unable to meet the stringent demands the military requires of its firepower. Liquid fueled rockets were first theorized by Tsiolkozski in his Investigation of Interplanetary Space by Means of Reactive Devices, published in 1896. His idea was realized 27 years later when Robert Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket. Liquid fueled rockets propelled the Russians and Americans deep into the space age with the mighty Energiya SL-17 and Saturn V rockets. The high thrust capacities of these rockets enabled our first travels into space. The giant step for mankind that took place on July 21, 1969, as Armstrong stepped onto the moon, was made possible by the 8 million pounds of thrust of the Saturn V rocket. How a Liquid Propellant Functions Two metal tanks hold the fuel and oxidizer respectively. Due to properties of these two liquids, they are typically loaded into their tanks just prior to launch. The separate tanks are necessary, for many liquid fuels burn upon contact. Upon a set launching sequence two valves open, allowing the liquid to flow down the pipe-work. If these valves simply opened allowing the liquid propellants to flow into the combustion chamber, a weak and unstable thrust rate would occur, so either a pressurized gas feed or a turbopump feed is used. The simpler of the two, the pressurized gas feed, adds a tank of high-pressure gas to the propulsion system. The gas, an unreactive, inert, and light gas (such as helium), is held and regulated, under intense pressure, by a valve/regulator. The second, and often preferred, solution to the fuel transfer problem is a turbopump. A turbopump is the same as a regular pump in function and bypasses a gas-pressurized system by sucking out the propellants and accelerating them into the combustion chamber. The oxidizer and fuel are mixed and ignited inside the combustion chamber and thrust is created. Oxidizers Fuels Advantages/Disadvantages Unfortunately, the last point makes liquid propellant rockets intricate and complex. A real modern liquid bipropellant engine has thousands of piping connections carrying various cooling, fueling, or lubricating fluids. Also, the various sub-parts such as the turbopump or regulator consist of separate vertigo of pipes, wires, control valves, temperature gauges, and support struts. Given the many parts, the chance of one integral function failing is large. As noted before, liquid oxygen is the most commonly used oxidizer, but it too has its drawbacks. To achieve the liquid state of this element, a temperature of -183 degrees Celsius must be obtainedconditions under which oxygen readily evaporates, losing a large sum of oxidizer just while loading. Nitric acid, another powerful oxidizer, contains 76% oxygen, is in its liquid state at STP, and has a high specific gravity―all great advantages. The latter point is a measurement similar to density and as it rises higher so to does the propellants performance. But, nitric acid is hazardous in handling (mixture with water produces a strong acid) and produces harmful by-products in combustion with fuel, thus its use is limited. Developed in the second century BC, by the ancient Chinese, fireworks are the oldest form of rockets and the most simplistic. Originally fireworks had religious purposes but were later adapted for military use during the middle ages in the form of flaming arrows. During the tenth and thirteenth centuries, the Mongols and the Arabs brought the major component of these early rockets to the West: gunpowder. Although the cannon, and gun became the major developments from the eastern introduction of gunpowder, rockets also resulted. These rockets were essentially enlarged fireworks which propelled, further than the longbow or cannon, packages of explosive gunpowder. During the late eighteenth century imperialistic wars, Colonel Congreve developed his famed rockets, which trave range distances of four miles. The rockets red glare (American Anthem) records the usage of rocket warfare, in its early form of military strategy, during the inspirational battle of Fort McHenry. How Fireworks Function A fuse (cotton twine coated with gunpowder) is lit by a match or by a punk (a wooden stick with a coal-like red-glowing tip). This fuse burns rapidly into the core of the rocket where it ignites the gunpowder walls of the interior core. As mentioned before one of the chemicals in gunpowder is potassium nitrate, the most important ingredient. The molecular structure of this chemical, KNO3, contains three atoms of oxygen (O3), one atom of nitrogen (N), and one atom of potassium (K). The three oxygen atoms locked into this molecule provide the air that the fuse and the rocket used to burn the other two ingredients, carbon and sulfur. Thus potassium nitrate oxidizes the chemical reaction by easily releasing its oxygen. This reaction is not spontaneous though, and must be initiated by heat such as the match or punk.

PHIL 102 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

PHIL 102 - Essay Example Ethics is taught by use of scenarios with less or no practical value. When learning, an example is given where people are stuck in a boat and they have to eat one person to survive. This is not a practical situation, but is still used to teach ethics and the formulated principles rarely apply in different contexts. This theme helps in showing ways of evaluating actions in a particular circumstance. The theme of life is also highlighted in ethics where it is viewed as a standard of value found in objectivist ethics. It involves use of different views to explain concepts of life and the correct ways of living. It is necessary to have better and integrated views about life to help us live ethically with other people. When contrasting and comparing the views in life, standards of comparison should be set clearly. Normally, life entails more than what meets the eye. Transition is also an important theme in ethics, which tries to show how various behaviors are automated. It also highlights what is involved in changing to a new set of ethics, and the process of identifying if the new ethics are practical. It is not easy to practice an ethical theory and values along with moral premises need to be examined to march rational judgment of the right thing. With time, people change the way in which they view some mannerisms, and whether they are wrong or right. Transition leads to change in perception, which is necessary for every person or community to embrace. Value is a key theme in ethics and it defines what an individual aims at getting after applying ethics. It can be physical; maybe money or belongings, and it can be intangible, maybe physical fitness, pleasure, romance, or friendship. Ethics involves making choices on possible outcomes of choosing values and goals. Value judgment used in determining if an action or occurrence is right or wrong, which