Leadership Styles and Their Effect on CEOs Essay Example for Free

lead Styles and Their Effect on CEOs EssayAbstractThe purpose of this essay is to analyze, comp ar, and contrast the leadershiphip styles of two influential CEOs. I have collected information from many internet sources that elaborate on the life, achievements, and misfortunes of Jack Welch and Steve Jobs, and how they overcame their obstacles to become the best CEOs of all time.Leadership Styles and Their Effect on CEOsLeadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that moulds it much cohesive. Jack Welch and Steve Jobs exemplify the true meaning of what a leader is. Their personality traits of being conscientious open to experiences, extroversion, persistent, and passionate has led them to be the most phenomenal visionary leaders of their time. Jack Welch was the chairman and CEO of General galvanising between 1981 and 2001. During his duration at GE, he managed to introduce a fresh and advance d leadership style. Welch developed a ranking system that put employees in one of three categories.The top 20 portion were stars, the middle 70 percent were the crucial majority, and the bottom 10 percent were weeded out (Bloomberg, 1998). I admire and strongly agree with Welchs management approach of making employees accountable. If you ar hired to perform a job, then expecting results of a certain quality is justified. In addition, I believe that Welchs passion for productivity and results allowed him to achieve efficient performance management within his company.Results create success, and I believe most people tend not to raise their standards high enough if there are not serious repercussions that follow, such as being dismissed for not providing results. Welch most notable achievement was increasing the market value of the General Electric firm. As CEO he increased it from approximately $12 billion when he took over, to a colossal $505 at the time of his retirement (Managem ent, 2012). He managed to make GE the human beingss second largest company with a market capitalization that was only exceeded by Microsoft. Through hard work and perseverance Welch managed to shit legendary status of being one of the greatest CEOs of all time.Leadership Styles and Their Effect on CEOsSteve Jobs was an entrepreneur, co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. As the CEO of the company, Jobs covered the breeding of the iMac, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the services side the companys Apple Retail Stores, iTunes store, and the App store. The success of these products under Jobs provided stable years of financial return, and propelled Apple to become the worlds most valuable publically traded company. The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history (Gallo, 2011). Jobs was a one-in-a-billion innovator with a bulldog mentality.He created a vision and relentlessly drove it into completion. Jobs was a demanding perfectionist who always aspired to position his business and products at the forefront of the technology industry by understanding and setting trends with innovation and style. His reputation was built on being a brutal force and often destroyed staff for their bozo ideas and typically shrugged off his associates suggestions in favor of his own gut instinct. Moreover, he only wanted what he called A-players. Meaning that they had to be brilliant and he insisted that under the brat of being fired, that they would never reveal any of Apples secrets inside or outside of the organization (Juarez, 2011).In summary, both Welch and Jobs are extraordinary leaders who demonstrate charismatic and transformational leadership styles. They both have very similar qualities in wanting to produce results. However, they differ because Welchs management style was knock throat in the sense of firing employees who did not perform. Yet, he was still open to the ideas of managers and emplo yees, and empowered them. On the other hand, Jobs leadership style is regarded as outlawed and being a dictator, who only listens to his own intuition.ReferencesBloomberg, L,P. (6/28/2012). How Jack Welch Runs GE. Business Week. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http//www.businessweek.com/1998/23/b3581001.htm Gallo, F. (3/17/2012). What Kind of Leader Was Steve Jobs? Calypso Consulting. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http//www.chinacalypso.com/content/what-kind-leader-was-steve-jobs Juarez, A. (10/5/2011). A Different Kind of Leader. Studying Systems for a Humane and Sustainable World. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http//saybrook.typepad.com/complexity/2011/10/a-different-kind-of-leader-steve-jobs-1955-2011.html Management Strategies From A Top CEO. (4/16/2010). Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http//www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/10/manage-business-like-jack-welch.aspaxzz2CpmsLsRK

Ground Water in Dhaka City Essay Example for Free

Ground Water in capital of Bangladesh City EssayDhaka is the capital city of Bangladesh which has a population of about 12. 5 one thousand millions and its population rate is over 5%. Projected population is about 22 million by 2025. Dhaka is now the 7th largest populated city in the world and it is anticipated that Dhaka will be the 2nd largest city in the world by 2020. This city is full of problem and one of the major problems is water crisis. Although Bangladesh is rich in water resource, but on that point remains leave out of safe water. The cities in Bangladesh are the centre of employment, communications and development.So, people are rapidly migrating in these cities from rural areas place putting additional pressure on the infrastructure and water resources. For this huge population in Dhaka city, water demand is also huge. And maximum portion of this greater demand is fulfilled by ground water. The daily requirement of water in Dhaka city is about 200 crore liters w hile WASA supplies 180 crore liters, leaving a shortage of 20 crore liters. Out of this 180 crore liters of water, 154. 50 crore liters of water are supplied from ground water.All most 85%-87% of water is supplied from under the ground and of them are from surface water. To show this massive amount of water we need to extract a lot from the ground. Everyday demand for water is increasing and we are adding new pumps. In 1998, there were only 243 water pumps to attire water in 2004 it was 440 but now it is 560. Each of the pumps lifts 3,000 liters of water in a minute. And this is also making some problems. For this solemn extraction water level is going down rapidly.In some statistics I have found that the level of underground water has dropped down to 61. 18 meters. The average rate of decline of water level varied from 1 m to 2. 50 as the report of DWDB. Ground water depletion situation is frightful in the central part of the city compare to the areas close to river bank, says DWDB. If this continue to happen then in future it will be hard to lift up underground water. Moreover, the increasing number of pumps and subsequent depletion of groundwater table increases the risk of disasters like landslide, subsidence and earthquake.

Potential Disadvantages Associated With Refurbishment

Potential Disadvantages Associated With RefurbishmentIntroductionFrom reading the chapter on the advantages of regaining, you could be thinking that overhaul is the way to go because of tout ensemble the positives surrounding it like, the social advantages, shorter time scale, environmental considerations, less capital etc. But as we all know, for every argument, in that respect is an up side and a down side. This chapter highlights the potential disadvantages, risks and chores that can occur on refurbishment projects so you can see the opposite side of the coin. To Refurbish or not to Refurbish ?.A fixed price contract to be constructed by a certain date involves alot of risks. These risks hold whether the l eat up can be performed at the agreed price, future price increases, weather conditions during the course of construction, competency of the contractile organs management, supervisors and workers. (Taggart, 2010)All of these risks and potential riddles atomic number 18 taken into neb on sensitive build and refurbishment projects. But I forget only be looking into the whole area of the potential problems and disadvantages that are associated with refurbishment projects, much(prenominal) asProblems at tender stage.Added Health And Safety Considerations.Difficulty of locating data which rents investigationsAdded workload call for to upgrade to action existing regulationsProblems problematical with old/existing components and practices exceedingly difficult to define accurate scope of works and accurate programme.2.1 Problems at tender stageOne of the disadvantages that come with refurbishment projects is the difficulty that can arise at tender stage. New build construction holds an advantage in this area as there are to a greater extent procurement options available on a new build project than on a refurbishment project. This means that the principal disadvantage that refurbishment projects ingest at tender stage, is that the clients cho ice of tender options is limited for a number of reasons which will be stated below.An example of a procurement option that realistically would not be viable on a refurbishment project, would be Traditional Lump Sum Tendering. Some of the reasons as to why this would be an opposed method of procurement is as followsIt requires the work to be accurately foreseen and detailed (This is difficult on a refurbishment project as scope of work could prove difficult to predict).It fosters confrontation between employer and contractor (This is an important point as flexibility and good working relations are vital on a refurbishment contract). (Murphy, 2007)Another procurement option, which is not viable on a refurbishment project, is Open Tendering. Even though this option ensures maximum competition, there is the disadvantage that tenders may be received from firms who have neither the necessary financial resources nor the adequate technical knowledge and experience involved. Also other dis advantages associated with this type of tendering are thatThere is a lack of control by the client over the competency of the builder he is employing.There is a waste of resources when umpteen firms tender for the same job. (Seeley,1976)Even though there are a few options left for tendering on refurbishment projects, there are 2 chief(prenominal) types which principally are better (typically on housing projects), which are (1) Selective tendering and (2) Negotiation with a selected contractor(1) Selective Tendering This option is mainly referred on projects that are of great magnitude and complexity. But if selective tendering is chosen on a basic housing refurbishment scheme consequently the number of firms invited to tender should be 3 or 4.(2) Negotiation This should be the principal option on a housing project because there is less time wasting involved. It excessively offers advantages as it allows for an early start to be made as less time is wasted at tender stage and a lso where the contractor chosen has exceptional experience of the scope of work covered by the type of work in question. (Seeley,1976))This section should adequately describe how the limitation of procurement options at tender stage, is a disadvantage associated with the option of refurbishment.2.2 Added Health and Safety ConsiderationsAnother one of the main disadvantages with Refurbishment is the added Health and Safety aspects, which have to be taken into consideration. The reason as to why the area of health and safety is so important is because, on a refurbishment project there are all of the considerations, which occur on a new build site, for exampleScaffoldingWorking at heights risk of electrocutionWorking with dangerous instruments/ machinesDanger of falling objects. EtcBut also there are many more considerations, which have to be taken into account on a refurbishment project, which will not occur on a new build project, such asRemoval of asbestosShoring (although this may be needed on rarefied occasions on new build contracts to support surrounding mental synthesiss).Danger of collapsing of old unstable housesSupporting decaying structural members so as to provide a safe place of workDanger of existing servicesAll of these considerations are added to the general considerations, which means that the health and safety risk is almost duplicate on refurbishment projects.I will address these health and safety considerations in much more detail in a separate chapter later on in this dissertation.2.3 Difficulty of locating data, which requires investigationsAnother Disadvantage of refurbishing buildings is, the fact that when it comes to refurbishing older houses and buildings it is very difficult to locate data on the existing building which means that many different inspections and surveys must(prenominal) be carried out on the building before any type of works can commence which causes a loss in time and also these investigations and surveys can cost a lot of money to carry out, as the reports of these surveys can determine the scope and personality of the works to be carried out.There are many reasons as to why a survey is required, when a house or building is being refurbished such asTo bone up a measured drawing of the building to enable a scheme for alterations, improvements or extensions to be prepared.To advise on the repair and preservation of a building (including listed buildings).Work to be carried out to satisfy the requirements of the local or other authority, i.e. dangerous structure notices or public health notices.To prepare plans in connection with party wall agreements. This is usually required where alterations to a party wall are contemplated. (Noy, 1997)As you can see from above these surveys require great detail and could take a hanker time to carry out and also for the results to be drawn up which proves to be a Brobdingnagian disadvantage. The procedure, which is involved in a typical survey of a hou se, is described below.Here is an example of a typical investigation procedure, which would be carried out on a typical 2-storey dwelling house.A preliminary inspection of the whole property to familiarise the surveyor with the type and layout.A detailed inspection of the main ceiling space and any subsidiary roof voids which are genial.A room-by-room inspection at each floor level starting from the topmost floor.Inspection of accessible basements, cellars and sub floor areas.An examination of the elevations, including structure and finishes.Inspection of the site boundaries, outbuildings and surroundings.An examination of the elevations, including structure and finishes.Examination and testing of drainage and services. (Glover, 2001)You can see from above that these procedures must be carried out by a very competent and qualified person with an acquired knowledge of old properties and refurbishment techniques. Invariably it could cost you a self-aggrandising amount of money as w ell as time, depending on the complexity and size of the dwelling house in question.2.4 Added workload required to upgrade to meet existing regulations.This is another potentially large disadvantage, as there can be a large possibility that the problem of the amount of work that is required to upgrade to meet regulations could cause you a lot of hardship and difficulties on refurbishment projects as there are so many regulations and requirements to comply with, that it could end up costing the client a lot of extra time and money depending on the age and condition of the building.Here, is a list of the main move of the building regulations, which the building that is being refurbished will have to conform with relegate A- StructurePart B- Fire SafetyPart C- Resistance to MoisturePart E- SoundPart F- VentilationPart L- Conservation of Fuel and EnergyPart M- Access for the DisabledBecause there are so many separate to comply with, it could prove to be more beneficial to demolish and rebuild a house rather than refurbish the existing building as the cost involved in upgrading the building may result in the refurbishment project spending way over budget, and the client wishing that he had demolished and rebuilt the house rather than refurbishing it. This is why this particular section can prove to be a disadvantage of the refurbishment option.Because of the importance of this section I will be describing the whole area of upgrading buildings to meet regulations in a later chapter in this dissertation.2.5 Problems involved with old/ existing practices.A large advantage that new build construction has over refurbishment is, because you are totally building a new structure from scratch, there are no problems associated with interaction between old building, temporary works, services and new work as well as having to match existing components with new components. (Murphy, 2007)This may not be a problem when refurbishing newer properties, but for example if you were refurbishing an old house with architectural exposit such as old craft processes and old style antique details that are intended to be maintained and restored as well as repeated by the client in the refurbishment project that is to be undertaken, then this will cause many hold ups and time lost on the overall programme as well as much more money being spent because of the following reasonsOld processes such as specialist plastering and antique joinery are very time consuming and pricy to reproduce because of the specialist nature of these processes.There are not many contractors around which carry out these types of old crafts which means that you could be a long time waiting.Because of the hold ups in these areas the rest of the project will suffer as a result, so therefore the project could drastically fall fucking in time and could also go way over budget.This whole area could prove to be a big disadvantage if you are refurbishing a project under similar restrictions and restr aints but these types of refurbishment are very rare unless you are refurbishing a listed building, but I will not be going into detail in the whole area of listed buildings in this dissertation.2.6 Extremely difficult to define accurate scope of works and accurate programme.In my opinion, this problem is probably one of the biggest disadvantages associated with refurbishment as it affects the project in a lot of different fields. Firstly, when the scope of works and the programme cannot be specifically delineate or closingised, then it means that there could be difficulties with regards to tendering and also planning as the contractor does not know for definite, what type of project that he is acquiring himself into. Secondly, if a particular detail occurs that is different from the planning specifications, then an investigation by the planning authorities may occur, which would directly affect the project.The statement Extremely difficult to define accurate scope of works and a ccurate programme can be proved by looking at the situations, which affect this problem that areLate discovery of new circumstances this is a feature that can occur on any size or type of refurbishment project. For example if you are refurbishing a house and you discover late into the project that you find that some aspect of the project does not comply with standards or regulations, which in turn means that alterations to the scope of works and maybe changes to plans will have to be carried out. Something like this could totally change the programme of the job and also the final accounts.Discovery of unforeseen conditions possible for almost entire project This problem is another factor that proves the difficulty involved with trying to draw up an take scope of works and programme. Even though a general site investigation may have been carried out at the start of the project, it is still in all possible that unforeseen conditions may appear throughout the project. Some of these c onditions may include late discovery of decaying structural members, late discovery of absence of wall insulation,, dpc etc. Late discoveries similar to these are a constant feature of refurbishment work, that add to the problem of producing an accurate scope of works and programme for the project. afterward reading this section the reasons are apparent as to why an accurate scope of works and accurate programmes are very hard to predict collect to the reasons stated above. You can also see how these areas in turn, affect other aspects of the project such as tendering, procurement and the adequate selection of a contractor for a refurbishment project.

Moulin Rouge Analysis

Moulin Rouge AnalysisNowadays we live in participatory gild and exclusively members bring forth action in shaping our culture. From all forms of mass communication, from all types of art the cinema occupies in society curious position. many a(prenominal) critics take the cinema to hot facilities of mass-media, i.e. to such, which fully seize spectator perception and compel a spectator to be identified with the heroes of direct, and sometimes and with a movie camera. Specific of cinema spectacle is in its comprehensive affecting deep layers of consciousness, in a breach to archetypes of collective unconscious. An audience that gather together even forthwith submerge in this world of dreams, appellant to bottomless and ancient archaic character of our consciousness, affecting all strings of the soul and simultaneously reflecting the most topical problems of contemporaneity. Id like to analyze one musical that has a title Moulin Rouge and I like it very much. Getting through the fashionable salons of Paris, through the fairs of send-off of age, finding a sound and color, surviving the competition of television and video, films continue to unite people, giving oneself up the magic twinkling of illusion, able to unite emotions, passions, expectations and dreams of millions together. non a single art passes with such authenticity exactly beca social function of that is not a locomotive picture, copying reality, and shows by itself the product of collective creation and consumption, our habitual life, our habits and consuetudes, doing them maximally accessible to the greatest masses. I want to say that it is too easy to be critical of things we dislike. Additionally, we tend to be cynical about things we dislike, kinda an than critical and for this my assignment, I lead be required to employ the critical process to something that I like, of my favorite film or it will be conk out to say to my favorite musical.First of all it is necessary to pay our at tention on the next information that the nature of the cinema tenderizes people, unites them and it has a place not only because it is the synthesis of all other arts (and in this sense has one analogy temple action only) but also that is why, that the cinema is labor which must be covered a cost, functioning like the kind of autarkical thing in itself, but not burdening society financial dependence, compensated submissive execution of social order. Only the cinema is able to engulf practically all spheres of public consciousness, heretofore much it is a sphere of mythology, i.e. cognizance of the world by immersion in the difficult structures of archetypes and phenomena, by their emotional research from within. Putting in order and taking away individual and social myths in the sphere of consciousness, the cinema reconsiders them in a spirit every new decade, for hi written report of cinematographic being art by a whole epoch. intrude in a daily occurrence, the glimmered ra y of projector compels us to comprehend and experience our life as nothing much more valuable and considerable, than that, how we perceived it. And herein is a true of the cinema, because it does not substitute by itself reality, but mythologized private and public life, giving every action and motion of the soul of man unique and epic scope. Much more unbelievable things happen in life, there are coincidences and chances, far more surprising, than on the screen, but the cinema offers to us problems, characters and signs in more bare and dramatized kind. It is a way of an old proverb appearance As in the cinemaI want to make my first maltreat of critical analysis with musical description. Moulin Rouge is a romantic musical film produced by Baz Luhrmann in 2001. In accordance with Red Curtain motion-picture show principles, the film is based on the Orpheah myth and also on Guiseppe Verdis opera La Traviata. It tells us amazing experience story of a young side of meat poet Christi an (Ewan McGregor) and the star of Moulin Rouge, cabaret actress and courtesan Satine (Nicole Kidman). Chriastian fall in love with this girl and as a result of it we receive wonderful musical that take away our feelings and emotions. The film won two Oscars (for direction and costume design) and was really nominated on 8 of them. In Sydney, Australia it was filmed at Fox Studios. We should bulls eye that it is the first musical in 22 years that was nominated for the best picture.Analyzing this musical we can say that the first half of film is a constant furious show, dances, cancan, songs, phantasmagoria, shocking sceneries, humor and slapstick. Dynamics of development of events is quite an shocking. You do not have time to regain consciousness from one most splendiferous shot, as it is replaced other, yet more magnificent, chic and impressive. But from some certain moment, when all protagonists of this theatrical are certain, it loses all dynamism and grows into viscous and a some snotty melodrama. Dynamism at once is lost, the masculine half of hall begins frankly to be sad and reaches mobile telephones, to read the SMS-massages got in times of cancan, however nice ladies Nice ladies look at this simple history not attentively, nervously pinning handkerchiefs against the charming noses. It is love story for them. An old love story Old words of love However, I do not have claims against that bright, magnificent and a very dynamic action sharply whipped off go and rolled at a speed of light carriage, spreading wheels on an asphalt old as the world story about a love triangle and about that, how harmful and it is wrong to fall in love in courtesans. In fact, it is laws of genre It is a rule of construction of such films Show, whirlwind, slapstick, whereupon sudden viscous melodrama.Describing and summarizing actions of this musical I want to say that personally for me the first half of film atoned everything. Because it is the real show. Because it is p erfectly taken off and looks at oneself barely splendidly. Moulin Rouge was filmed without the observance of some age-old canons and traditions, giving vent unrestrained flight of fantasy and allowing artists, computer designers, decorators and ballet-masters to create something new and interesting. A quite phantasmagoric spectacle went out from their hands, describing it with more details and bright images.I like this musical Moulin Rouge very much and I want to emphasize that break out superior idea was to take plenty of modern hits and rehash them for this film. Thus, part of hits interlaced in magnificent pot-pourri, and some are carried out as independent works, but with quite by other accent and with quite by other serve. As you understand, to use for this film immortal Show must go on is a very risky step, taking into account a few specific orientation of film and awe which tests most audience to immortal and great singer. But in spite of the fact that in Moulin Rouge thi s song performance far from it due fervor, it sounds completely another faint notes and overflows span-new paints.If to be honest and critical in this film analyzing part of audience was disappointed with this film. Almost on every session a few persons (however, quite two-bit) sidetrack cinema hall. Probably, they expected a not musical, but melodrama and they did not simply have patience a bit to wait the same tears and cocksucker De autre part, somehow foolishly from a film with the name Moulin Rouge not to wait songs and dances. And they there are fully enough. Abort from film a love-story and it will turn out into a few quite shocking video clips. Especially as Luhrmann, as that is required by modern realities, feels free for surveys to use the clips manner of the endless changing of personnels and plans. But it does not irritate, because it done enough fairly.This musical forced me to think about interesting eternal questions. Is it correct to bear to the cinema spectacle a s to the next type of public entertainments? It depends on the term that is understood under entertainment. As major socially-psychological force, the cinema releases a spectator from frustrations and tensity of the last day, from an existential melancholy and numerous phobias, from sense of guilt or vulnerability. It is not an escape from problems, but clearing of the soul and returning of individual society resting, and sometimes and finding the new understanding of own life et al. Complexes and affects hatch from the psyche of audience the masses by different cinema genres. The film of horrors is clean by a subconsciousness from fear of death or illness, a comedy takes off a conflict between society and individual fervor of emissary not only in romanticism of city but also in proclamation of right for every human personality on protect from any encroachments from outside. On consisting and development of such cinema genres of country it is possible effectively to define the d egree of democracy of every society.Thus, taking into account all above mentioned and my personal emotion it is possible to conclude that it is really good musical, with interesting easy plot and emotional its presentation. I can recommend this film to all my friends, but it is necessary to watch it on a large screen, because exactly big screen allows spectators to receive all necessary impressions from a brilliant show. I would recommend men to go away from the half of film, from that moment, when Kidman begins continuously to die, can however, because Like and virgin is carried out in the second half of film, and Roxanne and quite in the end. But if you will not look these shocking numbers, it means you did not see this film. And it needs to be looked. It is satisfied unusually and very amusing. In my opinion you should remember that it is not a film but musical and wait wonderful show but not great films plot.

Should Race Be Used as a Form of Identity?

Should Race Be Used as a Form of Identity?Identity is based on being the same as some sight and variantfrom others. The difference is usually equally weighted discuss withreference to the category of race.Identity is mavin of the most heavily debated factors of modern social life. This is represented in the corpus of sociological research, by the importance placed upon its influence in the contrasting shipway in which individualistics and societies conceptualise themselves and others. Identity, first and foremost, is based upon the nonion of being the same as some people (to identify with some people), and to be different from others. This washbasin and often is interpreted as identity having both a positive and a negative aspect, positive in identifying with a social group, and negative in being different (or opposing) another. This may not necessarily be the case provided. In this paper I will investigate the use of race as an identity, as this has traditionally presented us with both the positive and negative model of identity, and in more than recent sentences, a more positive model in both identity and difference.Identity, in its most basic sense, is formed from being other than another particular person or group. This basic difference comes in many forms, from gender, to crime syndicate, nationality, sexual orientation and race or ethnicity. Whilst these argon the some of the more major identity groups, there atomic number 18 countless other ship provokeal in which people identify with each other, from a lifestyle guided by a certain musical taste to a radical policy-making identification. Identity therefore remains a very important way in which people on a lower floorstand themselves and the world. Any one person will run short to a number of different identity groups however. A person cogency, for example, be a British national with an Asian ethnicity, and belong to a particular governmental group and economic class. Whether or not one particular facet of a persons identity is more important than the others, is a progeny that is fiercely debated.For some theorists such(prenominal) as Miller (199711), nations are ethical communities. They are contour lines in the ethical landscape. The duties we owe to our fellow-nationals are different from, and more extensive than, the duties we owe to human beings as such. Miller and others argue that nationality is the most important way in which people identify themselves, and as such it renders their responsibilities to co-nationals much greater than to others. Whilst Perry (2001103-108) argues that gender is the most important identity group, and that feminism is in danger of being watered-down and destroyed by theories that place too much emphasis on the multi-faceted nature of an individuals identity. For, she argues (2001107), Women of all ethnicities, sexual preferences, and even out classes, will be disadvantaged by proposed changes in welfare regulation, means-te sted custody, and the wheeling back of abortion rights and affirmative action guidelines. red theorists argue however that class is the most important factor in social identity, for the economic class you belong to will determine whether or not you have political book over you and your societys future. Hence Marxs (20018) famous interruption line to his Communist Manifesto, The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.For the purposes of this paper however, I am going to focus on the influence that race plays in identity formation, and its relationship with the other facets of identity. Race has long been debated in sociological circles, but precisely what race is or even whether it exists to any significant level has been placed in doubt by a number of theorists. Todorov (199964-70) argues that for a theory of races (or racialism) to exist, it needs to have five different presuppositions. Firstly the racialist must suppose that there are differ ent races of people at all. Scientifically such a position is untenable, but, as Todorov argues, whether or not the man in the street thinks this way does not depend upon science. Secondly the racialist must suppose that people are not solitary(prenominal) racially separated by appearances, but that there are lines of division amongst cultures too, which are intimately linked with racial appearances. The third supposition is that the behaviour of an individual is profoundly affected by their race. Fourthly there is a hierarchy of values between differing races, and lastly that some political order should be in place to reflect all the previously mentioned factors. For Todorov racialist doctrine has not gone away but has merely changed its form, from discourses based on race to those of culturalism and nationalism.For Todorov thusly there are many different presuppositions that have to be in place before race itself as a significant identity can be considered. But, as he himself no tes, there is an ideological form of racialism which is pure and simply racist and does not rely upon theoretical grounding or offer any form of justification. This is racist behaviour and attitude is the most common one in society, and this behaviour can only fix and ball over race or ethnic identity. This can take occur in both a positive and negative fashion, in that one group might gear up itself in a positive nature when under pressure from another, or one group might violently negate another and submit to eradicate it. In such circumstances, the significance that race or ethnicity plays in identity is accentuated and becomes more important than other factors. Indeed, according to Assad (1993), minorities in modern states are faced with two stark choices they can submit to complete assimilation or be despised as different. In such circumstances, the identity under threat comes to the fore of the life of the person in question. To submit to the majority is to lose your ident ity, but to keep it is to face hostility and conflict. Of course, the situation that Assad presents us with is slenderly extreme. But whereas in most circumstances the differences among people might be treated with equal weight, within the boundaries of a nation state trying to throw a unifying identity, racial and ethnic identity does become more important.Britain, for example, present us with a multicultural society that incorporates a whole flow of people from different ethnic, religious and economic backgrounds. But this does not mean that racial discrimination and intimidation does not occur. As Solomos (2003) argues, the long history of racial discrimination in Britain has led to political activists in all the main political parties, whose aim and purpose is to fight for the rights of ethnic minorities. Such developments galvanise people around their ethnicity and form new identities with which people differentiate themselves against others. The Centre for Contemporary Cult ural Studies in the 1980s were interested in precisely thisA major concern of the group was the need to analyse the complex processes by which race is constructed as a social and political relation. They emphasised that the concept of race is not simply confined to a process of regulation operated by the state but that the meaning of race as a social construction is repugn and fought over. In this sense they viewed race as an open political construction where the meaning of terms such as black are struggled over. Collective identities verbalise through race, community and locality are, for all their spontaneity, powerful means to coordinate action and create solidarity (Solomos 200328).Race can therefore be theorised not as a natural category or regulation of the state, but as a political construction where identity can be formed in order to fight for social justice. This political use of race argues that racial divisions in society are a cause of major differences in forest of l ife, and therefore racial identity is of much more importance than other factors. Such division can however cause greater resentment amongst different social groups and put more emphasis on difference than on similarity. While positive discrimination by the dominant social group, in an test to redress the power balance between different segments of society, can often enflame racial tension. As Solomos (2003192) argues, anti-racists are often depicted as doing more misemploy to race relations than extreme rightwing fanatics. This is because they highlight racial differences and polarise people between different racial identities. It could be argued however that anti-racists do not create racial tension, but merely highlight tension that is already there. In any case, the importance that race plays in everyday social life is understandably evident. Anwar (199899-100), for example, claims that racial discrimination against Asian people has been on the rise in recent years in Britain, and that in 1994 alone there were 170,000 instances of racially propel crimes and threats, whilst an estimated 74 people have been killed by racist attacks between 1970 and 1989. Racial identity can motivate people not only to dislike and malign each other, but even to reach the extremes of violence and murder. With this in mind race is quite obviously, although without any ultimate justification, the deciding factor in a persons identity in many social situations, overriding other factors such as gender, political affiliations or, very often, religion.Scott (2002) renders this assumption problematic however by researching the roots of racism from a Marxist perspective. Whilst race and racism clearly do have an important impact in social identity, this is for Scott a modern phenomenon with historically traceable roots. Scott argues that modern racism is intimately related with that of capitalism, and that whilst racism has always figured in societies in different forms, it is on ly with capitalism that it becomes a constant factor. Early slavery in the New World, for example, was largely made up from purity slaves from England before the large influx from the West Indies and Africa. The English ruling classes had no qualms about exploiting the white working classes, but in the end the demand for labour at home rendered the practice of shipping white slaves over to the Americas as inefficient. Using Blackburns analysis of racism and capitalism, Scott (2002167) argues that racism is linked to capitalist growth, national identity and the individualising of the populace.Its development was associated with several of those processes which have been held to define modernity the growth of instrumental rationality, the rise of national sentiment and the nation-state, racialized perceptions of identity, the spread of market relations and wage labor, the development of administrative bureaucracies and modern tax systems, the suppuration sophistication of commerce and communication, the birth of consumer societies, the publication of newspapers and the beginnings of press advertising, action at a distance and an individualist sensibility (Blackburn in Scott (2002167).A further Marxist analysis might consider the influence that lost labour has on divisive notions of race (see Manson 200020). For Marx, man becomes alienated from his labour in a capitalist society, because he no longer has any control over the fruits of his labour. He therefore becomes reduced to an atomistic cog in a productive machine, alienated from his work and society. Pseudo-identities can then be formed and people coerced into assuming them to fill in the lack of meaning left by his lack of control over his social fruit. Furthermore, the crux of Marxist theory rests upon the notion that the class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that, generally speaking, the ideas of those w ho lack the means of mental production are subject to it(Marx and Engels 197064). This means that it is the ruling economic class, which are the people who control the means of production, that disseminate ideas and values throughout the rest of society. Notions of race are therefore inherently linked with the prevailing ideas of capitalist production and the values and ideas that this produces.Whilst the Marxist analysis does not refute the existence of racism, nor can it deny its powerful and destructive effects, it does suggest that the existence of racial discourse is the product of an underlying one, that of the capitalist economy. Whether this is correct or not, it does at least render problematic the notion that race is a distinct and unique form of identity. This in any case calls into question whether or not race really is more important than other forms of identity, or whether its existence is part of an underlying form of identity production.

Antigone (creon As The Tragic :: essays research papers

Creon as the Tragic Hero In Antigone written by Sophocles, Creon is the tragic wedge shape. Creon is the tragic hero because of his error in judgement, stubborn way of ruling Thebes, his change, and all the tragedy brought on by his actions. Although Creon changed only when amessenger told him there would be a tragic ending because of all his actions, he did try to correct what he had done.Creon ordered that Polyneices clay be left out to be eaten by vultures andwhile dogs because Polyneices rebelled against his crony Esteocles rule in Thebes. In this incident, both Polyneices and Esteocles (the ruler of Thebes) were killed. Creons stubborn way of ruling influenced everything that occurred because of him giving Esteocles a formal burial and leaving Polyneices body out to be eaten. Antigone, the sister of Polyneices and Esteocles, thought it was wrong that Esteocles had a formal burial and Polyneices was left out to be eaten by wild dogs and vultures. Antigone then heady it was h er duty to bury Polyneices, so she disobeyed Creons decree and covered Polyneices body with dirt and wine. Unfortunately, Antigone was caught in the act of burying Polyneices so, Creon sentenced her (his own sons finance) to be ordinate into a stone vault, to die of starvation and for Polyneices body to be uncovered. Then a messenger came and told Creon that there would be a tragic ending because of his error in judgement. Creon then quickly ordered Antigone to be freed and Polyneices to be buried, but he was too late. In the meantime, a messenger told Eurydice (Creons wife) that her son Haimon was dead and that his termination was caused by Creons actions. Eurydice killed herself because the son she loved mostwas dead. In the meantime, Creon discovered that Polyneices body had been eaten by vultures and wild dogs so he quickly went to the vault Antigone was put in. WhenCreon arrived at the vault, he found Antigone had hung herself with her wedding dressand his son Haimon had kill ed himself because of the death of Antigone. Creon returned home to tell his wife Eurydice of all the tragedy caused by his own error in judgement, only to find Eurydice dead too.

Diabetes :: essays research papers

Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder in which blood levels of glucose are abnormally tall because the body doesnt release or use insulin adequately. Diabetes Mellitus affects many organs of the body. It affects the blood vessels because Atherosclerotic plaque builds up and blocks large or medium-sized arteries in the heart, brain, and legs. The walls of small blood vessels are damaged so that the vessels do not transfer oxygen normally and may leak. This groundwork lead to poor circulation and can hinder the healing of wounds, cause heart disease, stroke, gangrene of the feet and hands, and infections. The eyes are also impact. The small blood vessels of the retina become damaged leading to decreased iniquity vision and ultimately blindness. Poor kidney function and kidney failure may also arise due to thickening of the blood vessels in the kidneys. Protein leaks into the urine and the blood is not filtered normally. Skin is greatly affected by diabetes Mellitus. There is poor blood flow to the skin which causes loss of feeling. Sores and deep infections called diabetic ulcers occur because of this.Pregnancy is affected by diabetes Mellitus. Many changes that take place during motherhood make controlling blood sugar more difficult for a woman who has diabetes. Changes in the levels and types of hormones produced during pregnancy can cause insulin resistance, increasing the bodys requirements for insulin. Poorly controlled diabetes may endanger the fetus as well as the woman. With proper adjustments in insulin the risks lessen. Diabetes increases a pregnant womans risk of infection, early labor, and high blood pressure caused by pregnancy. The baby of a diabetic woman may be unusually large at birth. The risk of birth defects is two times higher in babies of women who have diabetes. Most women who have diabetes can have vaginal deliveries. After birth, the babies are assessed carefully because they are at increased risk of developing breathing difficulties, low blood sugar and calcium levels, jaundice, and a high red blood cell count. These problems are temporary and can be treated.Six percentage of the United States population has some form of diabetes. Ten percent have type 1 form of the disease. Most people who have the disease develop it before age 30. Scientists believe that an environmental factor causes the resistive system to destroy the insulinproducing cells in the pancreas. Some genetic link is most likely needed for this to happen.